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Nervous Sys DelTech
Chapters 11 and 12 in A&P book for test DelTech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the nervous sytem? | 1) Sensory input 2) integregation 3) motor output |
| The process of getting information from your surrounding environment is called __ __. | sensory input |
| The interpretation of things you have felt, tasted, and touched with your sensory neurons into responses that the body recognizes is called __. | integration |
| When your brain sends a message through neurons to effecter, muscle or gland cells, this is called __ __. | motor output |
| Structurally, the nervous system consists of what two systems? | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| The central nervous system (CNS) consists of what 2 parts? | brain and spinal cord |
| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of what? | cranial and spinal nerves |
| Functionally, the nervous system consists of what 2 parts? | somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
| The somatic nervous system deals with what parts of the body? | skeletal and voluntary muscles |
| The autonomic nervous system deals with what parts of the body? | involuntary muscles (like the heart) |
| The autonomic nervous system consists of what 2 systems? | sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| The fight or flight response is part of what half of the autonomic nervous system? | sympathetic, which deals with stress |
| The feed or breed response is part of what half of the autonomic nervous system? | parasympathetic, which deals with low or no stress |
| If you're a nervous wreck, chiropracter's sometimes say that you're in __ overdrive. | sympathetic overdrive |
| The supporting cells of the neurons are called __. | neuroglia or glial cells |
| Another word for nerve cells is __. | neurons |
| What does the word "glial" literally mean? | glue |
| What kind of nerve cells can multiply, vary in size and shape, and are a common site of brain tumors? | neuroglia (or glial cells) |
| Glial cells that are star shaped and that hold neurons close to blood vessels are called __. | astrocytes |
| Glial cells that are smaller than astrocytes and that act as phagocytes for the brain and spinal cord are called __. | microglia |
| Glial cells that resemble epithelial cells, are ciliated, and that move cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) across nerve tissues are called __. | ependymal cells |
| Glial cells that hold neurons together, produce the myelin sheath of nerve fibers and spinal cord, are called __. | oligodendroglia |
| Glial cells that produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system and neurolemma are called __. | Schwann cells |
| The astrocytes of the peripheral nervous system are called __. | satellite cells |
| Three characteristics of neurons include: | 1) extreme longevity 2) amitotic (can't reproduce) 3) high metabollic rate |
| Neurons have a high metabollic rate, so they need lots of __ and will die quickly without it. | O2/oxygen |
| The 3 types of neurons are: | 1) afferent (sensory) 2) efferent (motor) 3) interneurons (central) |
| Neurons that transmit impulses TO the brain are called __. | afferent (sensory) |
| Neurons that transmit impulses FROM the brain and spinal cord are called __. | efferent (motor) Think Effect=Efferent |
| Neurons that connect impulses from sensory to motor are called __. | interneurons (central) |
| Receptors for action potential are called __. | dendrites |
| The body of the neuron is called __. | soma or perikanyon |
| The brain of the neuron is its __. | nucleus |
| A nerve fiber that carries impulses away from the soma (or cell body) is called an __. | axon |
| The white lipid substance that works as an insulator and that speeds nerve signals is called a __ __. | myelin sheath |
| The myelin sheath is made by __ __. | Schwann cells |
| The membrane covering some myelin sheaths and responsible for regenerating axons and dendrites is called __. | neurolemma |
| An action potential always travels from __ to __ to __. | dendrites, soma, axon |
| The central nervous system has no __ so it can't regenerate. | neurolemma |
| Exposed areas of axons between myelin are called __ _ __. | nodes of Ranvie |
| The ends of axons are called __. | telodendria |
| The synaptic knobs at the ends of telodendria contain __. | neurotransmitters (NT) |
| A group of axons bundled together are called __. | nerves |
| The tissue of cell bodies that have unmyelinated axons and dendrites are called __ __. | grey matter |
| The tissue of cell bodies that have myelinated axons and dendrites are called __ __. | white matter |
| When stimulus is received by a sensory receptor, this is step 1 on the __ arc. | reflex arc |
| When an afferent neuron carries a signal received from a sensory receptor to the central nervous system, this is step 2 of the __ arc. | reflex arc |
| The 3rd step in the reflex arc is when the __ processes the message from step 2. | interneuron |
| In step 4 of the reflex arc, the efferent neuron prepares to carry the message from the interneuron to the __. | effector |
| The 5th stage of the reflex arc occurs when the message is actually transmitted to the __. | effector |
| Dendrites receive __ signals to the neuron's body. | incoming |
| Axons carry signals __ from the neuron's body. | away (A=Away) |
| Potassium (K+) ions inside the nerve cells have a __ charge. | positive |
| Phosphate (PO4) ions in the nerve cell are __. | negative |
| There are more phosphate ions in the nerve cell than potassium, so the cell's charge is __. | negative |
| Sodium is an ion in the fluid surrounding a nerve cell. Sodium's charge is __. | positive |
| Axons need to be protected because they're so __. | long |
| __ cells are like a toilet paper roll as they wrap around the axon. | Schwann |
| There are __ in the myeline sheath and Schwann cells. | spaces |
| The spaces in the myeline sheath and Schwann cells are called the nodes of __. | Ranvier |
| __ are basically grey in color. | axons |
| Neurotransmitters can be found in __ on the tip of the axon. | vesicles |
| The vesicles, or "bubbles," on the tip of an axon __ when the nerve dendrites are stimulated. | pop |
| The __ in the nerve vesicles crosses the bridge, or synapse, between neurons when the vesicles pop. | neurotransmitter |
| The static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the __ __. | resting potential |
| The primary positive ion involved when nerves fire is __. | sodium |
| When a neuron is stimulated, sodium __ will open and sodium will rush into the axon. | gates |
| Sodium that enters the axon through the sodium gate will change the charge of the cell from __ to positive. | negative |
| The neuron's membrane __ the sodium out so the neuron can fire again instantly. | pumps |
| The tip of an axon has __ in it. | calcium |
| When a neuron fires, the calcium causes the vesicles on the tip of the axon to pop and release their contents, which are __. | neurotransmitters |
| Calcium is __ to the firing of nerves. Without it, neurotransmitters can't be released. | crucial |
| A resting neuron, which is positive on the inside and negative on the outside, has a __ __. | polarized membrane |
| When a resting neuron - which is polarized - is stimulated to fire its neurotransmitter, it __. | depolarizes |
| A wave of __ spreads across the neuron when it fires. | depolarization |
| After a neuron depolarizes, it __ immediately so it can fire again. | repolarizes |
| A connection between a neuron and the next cell is called a __. | synapse |
| A synapse is not called a space between neurons. It is a __, __, or connection. | cleft, junction |
| When a neuron fires and the vesicles on the tip of the axon pop, the neurotransmitters inside the vesicles __ to the next neuron. | attach |
| Sometimes neurotransmitters __, causing seizures. | leak |
| After a neuron has fired, it secretes an enzyme called __ to dissolve the neurotransmitter that has attached to the next neuron. | achase |
| What do you call a neuron before it fires? | presynaptic |
| What do you call a neuron after it fires? | postsynaptic |
| The name of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase can be shortened to __. | achase, or Ach |
| Five neurotransmitters used in the human body include: | 1) acetylcholine 2) norepinephrine 3) dopamine 4)GABA 5) serotonin |
| Which neurotransmitter is the most abundant? | acetylcholine |
| Which neurotransmitters promote a sense of well being? | norepinephrine and serotonin |
| Norepinephrine has 2 removal agents or enzymes: they are called? | MAO and COMT |
| Acetylcholine is used to stimulate __ and also resides in the brain. | muscles (which is why it's the most abundant) |
| __ is used in the brain and used to coordinate signals. | dopamine |
| Dopamine is concentrated in the __ ganglia. | basal |
| Dopamine shortage can cause __. | Parkinson's |
| Astrocytes, part of the brain/blood barrier, will not allow __ to pass into the brain directly. | dopamine |
| Dopamine if both excitatory and __. | inhibitory |
| GABA stands for __ __ __ __. | gamma amino banzoic acid |
| Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory? | inhibitory |
| GABA stops __ from moving all the time. | muscles |
| Which neurotransmitter was the first to be discovered? | acetylcholine |
| Acetylcholine is released at all __ __ and by all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles. | muscular junctions |
| What's an acid that breaks down acetylcholine (something other than AChe)? | acetic acid (vinegar) |
| AChe, acetic acid, and __ are recycled back into the presympatic nob to make more acetylcholine. | choline |
| The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is removed by __ __. | monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
| Adrenaline is another word for __. | epinephrine |
| The body's natural pain relievers are called __. They also give us an exercise high. | endorphines |
| This neurotransmitter makes women forget the pain of child birth ... so we're told. | enkephalin |
| The effects of the neurotransmitter GABBA are increased by __. | alcohol |
| Name the neurotransmitter that blacks ACh on respiratory muscles and that is used to induce respiratory paralysis during surgery. | succinyl choline chloride |
| What is the first definable organ in an embryo? | brain and spinal cord |
| What are the 2 kinds of white nerve matter? | tracts and nerves |
| Bundles of fibers (axons and dendrites) inside the central nervous system are called? | tracts - also called neural tracts |
| Bundles of fibers outside the CNS are called? | nerves |
| What are the 2 kinds of grey nerve matter? | nuclei and ganglia |
| The reflex centers found inside the gray matter of the central nervous system are called what? | nuclei |
| The clusters of grey matter outside the CNS are called what? | glanglia |
| The ventricles (hollow spaces) inside the brain are filled with what? | cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF |
| Name the 6 major divisions of the brain. | 1) medulla oblongota 2) pons 3) midbrain 4) cerebellum 5) diencephelon 6) cerebrum |
| The most inferior part of the brain stem that resides just inside the foramen magnum is called what? | medulla |
| What are some of the functions the medulla controls? | 1) cardiac 2) vasomotor/blood pressure 3) reflex centers |
| The criss-cross of nerves running from the left side of the body to the right side, and vice versa, is called the __ of tracts. | decussation of tracts |
| Pons literally means _. | bridge |
| The pons vertically connects the __ to the __. | midbrain to the medulla |
| The pons controls __. | respiration |
| The pons horizontally connects itself to the __. | cerebellum |
| The midbrain connects the __ to the __. | forebrain to the hindbrain |
| The midbrain is mostly __ matter. (grey or white) | white |
| The midbrain controls 3 important reflexes. What are they? | 1) pupil reflex 2) auditory reflex 3) postural reflex |
| Cerebellum literally means what? | little brain |
| True or false: the cerebellum is the largest part of the human brain. | False. It's the 2nd largest part. |
| The cerebellum coordinates __ activity. | muscular |
| The cerebellum helps us to maintain __. | balance or equilibrium |
| The cerebellum contains the __ vitae, which relays impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain. | arbor vitae |
| The __ contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the 3rd ventricle. | diencephalon |
| The white matter of the __ is the sorting dept for impulses, like a switchboard operator. | thalamus |
| The grey matter of the thalamus is responsible for __ sensations and plays a role in __. | crude, emotions |
| The __ forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle and is directly connected to the pituitary gland. | hypothalamus |
| The hypothalamus plays a role in emotions like __ and sexual behavior. | rage |
| The middle portion of the hypothalamus becomes, or gives rise to, the __. | infundibulum |
| The pineal gland produces __. | melatonin |
| The pineal gland regulates our biological __. | clock |
| The __ __ is where the optic nerves cross from left to right an vice versa into the brain. | optic chiasma |
| The largest, most prominent part of the brain is called the __. | cerebrum |
| The cerebrum makes us __ than other animal. | smarter |
| The cerebrum is divided into 2 halves by the __ fissure. | longitudinal fissure |
| The 2 halves of the cerebrum are joined by the __ __. | corpus collosum |
| The 4 lobes of the cerebrum are called what? | 1) frontal 2) occipital 3) parietal 4) temporal |
| The frontal lobe manages what brain functions? | thought, emotions, special senses |
| The occipital lobe manages what brain function? | sight |
| The parietal lobe manages what brain function? | touch |
| The temporal lobe manages what brain functions? | hearing and smell |
| All 4 lobes in the brain are divided by __. | fissures |
| The __ fissure separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. | central |
| The __ fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. | transverse |
| The __ is the outer layer of grey matter. | cerebral cortex |
| Gyri are rises in the brain, while __ are depressions in the brain. | sulcus |
| The 3 parts of the cerebrum are? | 1) cerebral cortex 2) white matter 3) basal ganglia |
| The __ part of the cerebrum stabilizes and steadies out movements. | basal ganglia |
| What are the 3 kinds of fiber in the cerebrum? | 1) commisural 2) association 3) projection |
| The commisural part of the cerebrum carries impulses from __ and __ hemisphere. | left and right |
| The __ fibers of the cerebrum carry messages within a single brain hemisphere. | association |
| The __ fibers of the cerebrum carry messages away from the cortex to other parts of the brain. | projection |
| The corpus collosum is a white __ tract. | commisural |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve I? | Olfactory, Sensory, Smell |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve II? | Optic, Sensory, Vision |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve III? | Oculomotor, Motor, Eye Movement |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve IV? | Trochlea, Motor, Eye Movement |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve V? | Trigeminal, Both, Swallowing and facial feeling |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve VI? | Abducens, Motor, Eye Movement |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve VII? | Facial, Both, Facial movement and taste |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve VIII? | Vestibular (auditory), Sensory, Hearing and balance |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve IX? | Glossopharyngeal, Both, Tongue and pharynx |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve X? | Vagus, Both, Heart and blood vessels and viscera |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve XI? | Accessory (spinal), Motor, Neck and shoulder muscles |
| What is the name, classification, and function of cranial nerve XII? | Hypoglossal, Motor, tongue muscles |
| Mnemonic for remembering the cranial nerves? | Oh oh oh to touch and feel a girl's vagina ah heaven I didn't make that up. |
| What 2 things protect the central nervous system? | Bones and meninges |
| The 3 layers and spaces of the meninges in order (from outside layer to inside layer)? | 1. Bone (skull) 2. dura mater 3. subdural space 4. arachnoid 5. subarachnoid 6. pia mater 7. brain and spinal cord |
| What layer anchors the brain to the skull, has sensory nerves, goes all the way around the brain and down the spine, and literally means "tough mother?" | dura mater |
| Which membrane is delicate and web-like, serves as the middle layer of the meninges, and literally means "spider?" | arachnoid |
| Which layer is attached to the brain and spinal cord, lines the ventricles, contains special capillaries called the choroid plexus which make cerebrospinal fluid, and literally means "soft mother?" | pia mater |
| The subdural space in the skull is between what two layers of the meninges? | dura mater and the arachnoid |
| The sub arachnoid space is between what two layers of the meninges? | arachnoid and pia |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is only found in __ __ space, around the brain, spinal cord, and the ventricles. | sub arachnoid |
| The spinal cord ends at which vertebra? | L3 |
| The meninges ends at which spinal cord? | L4 or L5 |
| A watery, sometimes colorless and sometimes yellowish fluid used by the nervous system is called? | cerebrospinal fluid |
| The choroid plexus makes cerebrospinal fluid out of __ by active transport and filtration. | blood |
| Cerebrospinal fluid can be found in what four locations? | 1. Around cord in subarachnoid space 2. inside central canal of spinal cord 3. inside 4 ventricles 4. surround brain also in subarachnoid space |
| CSF reenters the blood stream by veins in the brain called __ __. | arachnoid villi |
| A selective mechanism that prevents certain substances from entering the brain to protect against infections is called the __ __ __. | blood brain barrier |
| How many pairs of nerves are there in the spinal nerves? | 31 |
| The 31 pairs of nerves in the spine consist of __ and __ nerves. | motor and sensory |
| The dorsal (posterior) nerves that extend from the spine are always __ nerves. | sensory |
| The ventral (anterior) nerves that extend from the spine are always __ nerves. | motor |
| As each spinal nerve emerges from the between the vertebra, it divides into __ branches. | 2 |
| The two branches of spinal nerves that emerge from the vertebra are called __ and __. | RAMUS one and RAMUS two. |
| An extensive network of nerves is called a __. | plexus |
| Nerves that exit between the C1 and C4 vertebra are part of the __ plexus. | cervical |
| The cervical plexus of nerves supplies what parts of the body? | skin, muscles of back of head, neck and shoulders, phrenic nerve. |
| The phrenic nerve controls the __ and therefore controls __. | diaphragm and therefore controls breathing |
| The __ plexus supplies the neck, shoulders, arm. | brachial plexus |
| The 3 main brachial nerves are? | 1. radial 2. median 3. ulnar |
| The thoracic (not a plexus) control the __ muscles. | intercostal |
| The __ plexus exits the back bone at the L1 - L5 vertebra. | lumbosacral |
| The femoral and sacral nerves are part of the __ plexus. | lumbosacral |
| The cranial nerves have __ pairs. | 12 |
| The __ nervous system supplies involuntary muscles and glands. | autonomic |
| The ANS is strictly a __ __ composed entirely of motor neurons. | directive system |
| The ANS uses a pathway that involves two motor neurons in a series. They are? | 1st pre ganglionic neuron, 2nd post ganglionic neuron |
| The sympathetic nervous system is fight or __ while the parasympathetic nervous system is feed or __. | flight, breed |
| The sympathetic nervous system is fear, anger, __ while the parasympathetic nervous system is more __. | pain, relaxed |
| The sympathetic nervous system emerges from the __ __ areas. | thoracic lumbar |
| The parasympathetic nervous system emerges from the __ and __ areas. | cranio and sacral |
| The sympathetic nervous system uses 2 neurotransmitters, called: | Ach, norepinephrine |
| The parasympathetic nervous system uses only 1 neurotransmitter, called: | Ach |
| The parasympathetic nervous system controls and dominates __. | digestion |
| The sympathetic nervous system controls __ and blood distribution. | circulation |
| Another mneumonic for cranial nerves: | On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops |
| A depression in the brain is called a __. | sulci |
| A ridge on the brain is called a __. | gyrus |
| A single section of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a __. | dermatome |
| A segment of muscles innervated by a spinal nerve is called a __. | myotome |
| The sympathetic nervous system causes heart rate and force of blood flow to __. | increase |
| The sympathetic nervous system causes blood flow to skeletal muscles to __. | dilate |
| The sympathetic nervous system causes bronchial passages in the lungs to __. | dilate |
| The sympathetic nervous system causes movement in the digestive tract to __. | decrease |
| The sympathetic nervous system causes the sphincter to __. | constrict |
| The sympathetic nervous system causes the urinary bladder to __. | relax |
| The sympathetic nervous system causes the pupil of the eye to __. | expand |
| The sympathetic nervous system causes secretion from sweat glands to __. | increase |
| The sympathetic nervous system causes secretion from salivary glands to __. | decrease |
| The parasympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to __. | decrease |
| The parasympathetic nervous system has __ affect on blood vessels. | no |
| The parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchial passages in the lungs to __. | constrict |
| The parasympathetic nervous system causes movement in the digestive tract to __. | decrease |
| The parasympathetic nervous system causes the sphincter to __. | relax |
| The parasympathetic nervous system causes the urinary bladder to __. | contract |
| The parasympathetic nervous system causes the pupil of the eye to __. | constrict |
| The parasympathetic nervous system causes secretion from the sweat glands to __. | decrease |
| The parasympathetic nervous system causes secretion from the salivary glands to __. | increase |
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IsaacJ
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