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Chapter_17_
Botany
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| seedless vascular plants include | leptosporangiate ferns, Horsetails, Marattioid ferns, Ophioglossoid ferns, whisk ferns, and Lycophytes |
| Synapomorphies of lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms (vascular plants) | true xylem and phloem, branched sporophytes and multiple sporangia, lignin, and independent sporophytes |
| fluid-conducting systems... | form a continuum throughout the plants and allow unrestricted movement of materials |
| xylem | conducts water and dissolved minerals from the soil upward |
| phloem | transports organic materials (sugar, etc.) synthesized by the plant |
| lignin | component of cell walls of support cells and xylem (adds rigidity) |
| lignin enables... | plants to grow to be larger in size because it provides a support system |
| role of roots | anchor plant and absorb water and nutrients |
| role of stems | provide support and help transport fluid |
| role of leaves | photosynthesis and gas exchange |
| role of dermal tissues | act as the outer, protective covering |
| epidermis | part of dermal tissue and includes stomata, hairs and cuticle |
| ground tissues | provide support, storage and photosynthesis |
| examples of ground tissue | parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma |
| vascular tissue | conductive tissues (xylem and phloem) |
| tracheids | elongate cells found in all vascular plants that have tapering ends and help in water transport and support (they were the first water-conducting cells to evolve) |
| vessel elements | shorter cells found in angiosperms and gymnosperms that do not have cross walls between cells (they evolved independently and are not homologous to tracheids) |
| stele/vascular cylinder | primary xylem and phlom, and pith (central ground tissue) in roots and stems |
| protostele | solid cylinder of vascular tissue in which the phloem surrounds or is interspersed with xylem (it is the simplest and most ancient stele) |
| the protostele is found in what plants | lycophytes, whisk ferns and in roots of most vascular plants |
| siphonostele | central pith found in most species of seedless vascular plants surrounded by a ring of vascular tissue |
| kind of vascular cylinder do ferns have | siphonstele with leaf gaps |
| eustele | system of discrete strands (vascular bundles) around a pith (eudicots) or interspersed with parenchyma tissue (monocots) (evolved from protostele and are found in seed plants) |
| leaves | arise as protuberances (leaf primordia) from apical meristem |
| two types of leaves | microphylls and megaphylls (true leaves) |
| microphylls | small scale-like photosynthetic appendages with only a single vascular strand (vein) that arise from stems with protosteles (i.e. lycophytes) and the leaf traces are not associated with leaf gaps |
| megaphylls | leaves with a complex system of veins that arise from stems with siphonosteles or eusteles and are found in ferns and seed plants (leaf traces associated with leaf gaps or leaf gap traces) |
| synapomorphies of ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms | true leaves (megaphylls) |
| synapomorphies of gymnosperms and angiosperms | seeds, heterospory, and secondary xylem (wood) |
| heterospory in some lycophytes and ferns... | evolved independently |
| homospory | the production of only one kind of form (ancestral state) that usually germinates to produce bisexual gametophytes (antheridia and archegonia on the same plant) |
| homospory is found in... | lycophytes and most ferns (pteridophytes) |
| heterospory | the production of two types of spores in two types of sporangia (microspores and megaspores) |
| heterospory is found in... | some lycophytes, a few ferns and seed plants |
| evolution of early vascular plants | mid-Silurian to mid-Devonian |
| evolution of Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta (ferns), and Progymnosperms | Late Devonian to end of Carboniferous |
| evolution of seed plants - Gymnosperms | dominant during Mesozoic era - Jurassic, Triassic and Cretaceous |
| evolution of flowering plants | originated during Creataceous |
| types of early vascular plants include... | Rhiniophyta, Zosterophyllophyta, Trimerophytophyta |
| Rhiniophyta description | simple dichotomous stem (cuticle and stomata), dichotomous rhizome (underground stem), terminal sporangia, no leaves, and protostele |
| Zosterophyllophyta description | simple dichotomous stem (cutlicle), stomata only on upper branches, lower branches produced lateral branches, lateral sporangia (kidney-shaped, short stalks), homosporous, no leaves, and protostele |
| Trimerophytophyta | stem is the main axis with dichotomous lateral branches, terminal, elongate sporangia on some smaller branches, homosporous, no leaves, and protostele |
| Lycopodiophyta (origen) | originated during the Devonian era |
| extant lineages of Lycopodiophyta | Lycopodiaceae (club mosses), Selaginella (Selaginellaceae), and Isoetes (Isoetaceae) (quillworts) |
| Lycopodiophyta description | lateral reniform (kidney-shaped sporangia), protostele and microphylls |
| Lycopodiaceae (club mosses) description | the sporophyte is a branching rhizome wiht aerial branches and roots, the microphylss a sprially arranged along stem (or oppostie), homosporous, sporangia located in different areas based on purpose |
| Selaginella description | microphylls, sporophylls in strobili, ligules are small, scale-like growths near base of upper surface or each microphyll or sporophyll, and heterosporous |
| Isoetes (quillwort) description | sister to three extinct tree lycophyes, possesses a corm (short, fleshy underground stem), heterosporous, and has microsporophylls (inner sporophylls) and megasporophylls (outer sporophylls) and the ligule is above the sporangium |
| Pteridophyta includes... | whisk ferns (Psilotum) and horsetails (Equistetum), dominant during the Carboniferous era, and modern ferns originated during the Cretaceous period |
| all fern lineages are homosporous except... | the heterosporous water ferns |
| whisk ferns | are homosporous with a bisexual gametophyte and possess the protostele in the stem |
| Ophioglossoid ferns include... | Ophioglossum and Botrychium and have diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes |
| hoisetails | jointed stems, rough texture (silica), underground stem (rhizome), small, scale-like leaves in whorl @ node, branches (if pres.) arise in nodes, alt. w/ leaves, homosporous & sporangia n terminal strobili (cones), spores w/ elaters, & H20 required 4 fert. |
| aerial stem (horsetails) | hollow pith surrounded by ring of carinal canals and vascular tissue |
| elaters (horsetails) | thickened bands arising from outer spore wall that aid in dispersal |
| Leptosporangiate ferns | siphonostele (w/leaf gaps) n rhiz (underground stem), megaphylls (true leaves), frond (usu comp divided n2 leaflets - pinnae attached to rachis), young frond coiled (fiddlehead/circinte), rhiz & rachis usu have hairs, scales, sporangia on lower frond surf |
| sorus (lepto ferns) | cluster of sporangia |
| indusium (lepto. ferns) | outgrowth of leaf that covers sporangia in some species |
| gametophyte (prothallus) in lepto. ferns | bisexual and antheridia are among rhizoids and archegonia is near the notch |
| leptosporangiate ferns | water is required for fertilization |
| water ferns have two types | Marsilea and Salvinia |
| Marsilea | have sporocarps (bean-shaped reproductive structures that germinate in water and produce chains of sori), and microsporangia and megasporangia |
| Salvinia | float on surface of water, have sporocarps (on fertile leaves), and have microcarps and megasporocarps |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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