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BIO Ch 6 Nabor
chapter 6 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| organisms affect their environment when… | they obtain food, eliminate waste products, and build places to live |
| humans affect regional and global environments through… in ways that impact Earth's natural resources. | agriculture, development, and industry |
| limited resources are | land, food, and fresh water. |
| monoculture | is the practice of clearing large areas of land to plant a single highly productive crop year after year. this enables efficient sowing, tending, and harvesting of crops using machines |
| agriculture | one of the most important inventions in human history |
| settlements encouraged what? | the growth of modern civilization, like; government, laws, writing, and science |
| as modern society developed, many people chose to live in ___ and eventually moved to and build up, ___ | cities, and suburbs |
| dense human communities produce lots of___ and can affect air, water, and soil resources | wastes |
| we obtain most energy from… | burning fossil fuels, coal, oils and natural gas |
| goods | are things that can be bought and sold |
| services | are processes or actions that produce goods |
| if environment can't provided goods and serves, society must… | spend money to produce them |
| renewable resource | can be produced or replaced by a healthy ecosystem |
| nonrenewable resource | a resource when natural process cannot replenish the resources within a reasonable amount of time. |
| fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas | nonrenewable resources formed from buried organic materials millions of years ago |
| ecological science can teach us what? | how to use natural resources to meet our needs without causing long term environmental harm |
| sustainable development | when resources are used in such an environmentally conscious way. provides for human needs while preserving the ecosystems that produce natural resources. |
| What should sustainable development look like | there should be no long term harm to soil, water and the climate. should use up as little energy and materials as possible. must be able to improve, not just enable survival |
| healthy soil supports | agriculture and forestry |
| topsoil | mineral and nutrient rich portion of the soil. absorbs and retains moisture yet allows water to drain. rich in organic matter and nutrients, but low in salts. can be a renewable resource if managed properly |
| good topsoil is produced by: | long term interactions between soil and the plants growing in it |
| how long does it take for healthy soil to form? | centuries |
| dust bowl | years of poorly managed farming and droughts caused the Great Plains region to become infertile. many lost jobs and homes and the area became a desert. |
| soil erosion | was a factor of the dust bowl. is the removal of soil by wind or water. when soil is badly eroded, organic matter and minerals that make it fertile are often carried away with the soil |
| desertification | when dry climates, a combination of farming, overgrazing, seasonal drought, and climate change can turn farmland into desert. this is what happened during the dust bowl. 40% of Earths land is considered at risk for desertification |
| deforestation | loss of forests. |
| healthy forests | provided wood and also hold the soil in place, protect the quality of fresh water supplies, absorb CO2, and help moderate local climate. |
| how long does it take for nature to produce mature, old growth forests? | centuries |
| old growth forests | considered nonrenewable resources. forests that have never been cut down or harmed. |
| how to minimize soil erosion? | through careful management of both agriculture and forestry. soil is vulnerable to erosion when it is completely bare. leaving stems and roots in-between plantings may help. |
| crop rotation | planting different crops at different seasons or in different years helps prevent both erosion and nutrient loss. |
| altering the shape of the land | another way to limit erosion. |
| contour plowing | involves planting fields across, instead of down the slope of land. this can reduce water runoff and therefore, erosion. |
| terracing | another way to change the land, in which it is shaped to create level steps which hold water and soil |
| tree farms | can protect the soil and makes trees themselves a renewable resource. |
| what are the options for sustainable forestry? | selectively harvesting mature trees can promote growth of younger trees and preserve the ecosystem. |
| freshwater | is usually considered a renewable resource. only 3% of Earth's water is fresh. most of it is locked in ice at the poles. |
| Ogallala aquifer | runs through eight states and took more than a million years to collect the water. it is expected to run dry in the next 40 years. |
| pollutant | a harmful material that can enter the biosphere. these can enter the water supply from a single source. |
| point source pollution | pollutants entering water supplies from a single source. |
| non point source pollution | when pollutants enter water supplies from many smaller sources |
| primary sources of water pollution | industrial and agricultural chemicals, residential sewage, and non point sources. |
| PCB | an industrial pollutant of organic materials. often enter mud and sand beneath bodies of water. |
| harmful industrial pollutants | cadmium, lead, mercury, zinc |
| DTT | a pesticide that controls agricultural pests and diseases carrying mosquitos. |
| biological magnification | when a pollutant or pesticide gets into a water supply(DTT) and has its effects on the organisms relying on that water. occurs if a pollutant is picked up by an organism and is not broken down or eliminated from its body. |
| dead zones | oxygen poor areas |
| sewage | is not poisonous but contains lots of nitrogen and phosphorus. reasonable amounts of these can be absorbed into healthy ecosystems. this can rob ecosystems of their oxygen |
| watershed conservation | idea of cleaning up the pollution in a local area can't do much god if the water running into it is polluted. one must consider the entire watershed and its sources |
| IPM | integrated pest management. some situations can use these instead of pesticides. this uses less poisonous sprays |
| the atmosphere | contains oxygen. the greenhouse gasses help regulate global temperature. |
| greenhouse gasses | carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. the burning of fossil fuels increases these gasses. can contribute to global warming and climate change |
| ozone | a form of oxygen that is found naturally in the upper atmosphere. absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. protects our skin from damage that can cause cancer. |
| air pollution examples | smog, acid rain, greenhouse gasses, and particulates |
| smog | a gray-brown haze formed by chemical reactions among pollutants released into the air by industrial processes and automobile exhausts. |
| acid rain | when sulfur and nitrogen compounds combine with water vapor in the air, they form nitric and sulfuric acids. the airborne acids fall as___ |
| particulates | are microscopic particles of ash and dust released by certain industrial processes and certain kinds of diesel engines. can cause serious health problems |
| biodiversity | total of all the genetically based variation in all organisms in the biosphere |
| ecosystem diversity | the variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere. |
| species diversity | the number of species in the biosphere of in a particular area |
| genetic discovery | refers to the sum total of all different forms of genetic information carried by a particular species, or by al organisms on Earth. |
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