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212 Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of "clean" | free of dirt of filth |
| Definition of Disinfections | a process whereby the number of pathogenic microbes is reduced |
| With disinfects, ___ are generally killed but ___ may survive | vegetative cells, spores/resistant cells |
| Definition of "antiseptic" | agent used on living tissue to inhibit pathogen growth |
| Definition of "sanitize" | agent used to disinfect and clean objects |
| Definition of "sterilization" | process whereby all microbes have been killed-- including spores and resistant structures |
| -static | inhibits growth of a microbe |
| -cide | kills |
| 3 methods of evaluating chemical antimicrobics | phenol coefficient, filter paper method, use-dilution method (AOAC) |
| Phenol coefficient | ratio of (lowest dilution of agent that kills) to (lowest dilution of phenol) with same activity) |
| P.C. is best if used for... | phenol derived agents |
| Test Agent 1/1000. Phenol 1/100. What is the P.C.? | 10. (Agent is 10x better than phenol) |
| Filter paper method | measures zone of inhibition around soaked discs in agar plate |
| Microbes typically used with P.C. | Staph. aureus and Salm. typhi |
| Used with the Use-Dilution method | Staph. aureus, Salm. typhi, and Pseud aeruginosa |
| What is the Use-Dilution Method (AOAC) | Stainless steel cylinders with dried microbe soaked in agent, rinsed, and cultured |
| Satisfactory use-dilution level | 95% confidence level of killing |
| Quality of detergents that allow emulsification | hydrophobic and hydrophillic ends |
| "Quats"...aka... | quaternary ammonium compouds, a type of detergent. ex) Zephiran Chloride |
| 2 actions of cationic detergents | disrupt membranes and denature proteins |
| Detergents are ineffective in ___ due to ___ | hard water, minerals |
| Detergents originally used for ___ but ___ grows in it | Staph, Pseudomonas |
| Chemical disinfectant presently used for food utensils and skin antiseptics | Detergents |
| Heavy metals are generally ___-static | bacteriostatic |
| Heavy metal used as an eyewash to protect newborns against gonococci | 1% Silver Nitrate |
| Erythromycin replaced ___ because of ___ | 1% Silver Nitrate, Chlamydia |
| Meaning of tincture... | alcohol |
| Obsolete heavy metal | Tincture of merthiolate. alcohol plus mercury compound. alcohol probably active agent |
| ___ is a type of heavy metal used in shampoos to control dandruff which can be caused by ___ | Selenium sulfide, yeast |
| 3 mechanisms of action of halogens | oxidize proteins, disrupting membranes, inactivating enzymes |
| halogen used in pools, drinking water, food, and dairy industry | Chlorine- hypochlorous acid |
| halogen effective in killing bacteria and inactivating viruses but not spores | Chlorine- hypochlorous acid |
| CDC recommends 1:10 dilution of household bleach to disinfect for HIV. Which halogen is involved | Chlorine- hypochlorous acid |
| A halogen used by campers to disinfect water. Does not destroy cysts of Entamoeba histolytica | Halazone |
| Early antispetic, effective but toxic to skin and left stain-- causing allergies | Iodine |
| Introduced when Iodine was stopped, used more often | Iodophors |
| Mechanism for Iodophors | Iodine combined with organic carrier molecule. Iodine is released slowly |
| An iodophor commonly used in clinical situations, destroys fungi, protozoa, some viruses, and bacteria. Used on skin before incisions or on wounds | Betadine |
| 2 actions of alcohol | denatures proteins and dissolves lipids |
| 2 alcohols that are effective antiseptics | Ethyl and isopropyl |
| High concentration of alcohols are not effective because... | evaporation |
| Alcohols kill ___ but not ___ | vegetative cells, spore/resistant cells |
| 2 actions of phenols | denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes |
| 3 advantages of phenols | tuberculocidal, effective in presence of organics, remain on active on surface for long time |
| 2 disadvantages of phenol | disagreeable odor and skin irritation |
| Lysol is a type of ___ | phenol |
| Lysol aka | orthophenylphenol |
| Used on fomites because it leaves a long acting film | Lysol |
| Phisohex aka ___ used on skin to limit ___ | Hexachlorophene, Staph |
| Reason why Hexachlorophene was discontinued | it is absorbed into skin, potentially causing neurotoxicity in newborns |
| Phenol used to limit ___ on skin, not absorbed into skin | Hibiclens/Chlorohexidene, Staph |
| Hydrogen peroxide formation | superoxide radical formed during generation of oxygen gas |
| 2 actions of hydrogen peroxide | inactivate proteins and disrupt membranes |
| once though to have a deleterious effect on anaerobes | hydrogen peroxide |
| mechanic of effervescence | removes microbes and debris from wound |
| effective in treating periodontal disease | hydrogen peroxide |
| humans should not be exposed to akylating agents because they disrupt ___ and ___ | proteins and nucleic acids |
| 4 alkylating agents | formaldehyde, formalin, 2% alkaline gluteraldehyde, ethylene oxide |
| agent effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses but very toxic | formaldehyde |
| 35% formaldehyde, still toxic | Formalin |
| alklyating agent used on heat sensitive equipment like fiber optics | 2% alkaline gluteraldehyde |
| agent that disinfects instruments in 10min | 2% alkaline gluteraldehyde |
| agent acts as a cold sterilant by killing spores in 3 to 12 hr | 2% alkaline gluteraldehyde |
| akylating agent used in gaseous form | Ethylene Oxide |
| Ethylene oxide is ___ and highly toxic to ___ | explosive, skin/mucus membranes |
| Used for heat sensitive items, autoclave, and packaged sterile items. muse be well ventilated to eliminate it from the packages | Ethylene Oxide |
| Dye used to inhibit growth of microbes | Gentian violent |
| 3 dye uses | impetigo (from Staph/Strep) which is now treated by antiotics, Trichomonas, and Candida albicans |
| Type of agent used for neonatal umbilical cord | Dye |
| 4 physical methods of control | heat refrigeration radiation filtration |
| Boiling is a ___ procedure which will generally kill in ___. | disinfecting, 10min |
| boiling will kill ___ and ___ but not ___ | vegetative cells, fungal spores, bacterial endospores |
| lowest temp at which organism is killed in 10min | TDP |
| time it takes to kill at given temp | TDT |
| Time required to kill 90% of microbes at specific temp, used in food industry | decimal reduction time (D value) |
| autoclaving is... | steaming under pressure, like pressure cooking, allows temp to go higher than 100C |
| can't be used for items adversely affected by steam | autoclaving |
| microbe used to test autoclave | Bacillus stearothermophilus |
| used for beverages, NOT a ___ technique. | pasteurization, sterilization |
| used for substances immiscible in or sensitive to water | dry heat oven |
| physical method only retards growth | refrigeration |
| refrigeration is an ineffective method for ___ and ___ strains | psychrophilic and psychroduric |
| stops growth by reducing number of possible chem rxns | freezings |
| ___ should be stored in fridge, not freezer, because too sensitive for ice damage | bacteriophages |
| drying can have limited effective because... | some foods can retain enough water to support growth |
| drying of the specimen from the frozen state | freeze drying (lyophilization) |
| best long term storage for bacterial cultures | freeze drying |
| 3 types of radiation | UV, Xray, microwaves |
| non-ionizing radiation causes formation of thimine dimers | UV |
| radiation used in ceiling lights and biological safety cabintes | UV |
| radiation used for air and surface disinfection | UV |
| radation type that must be controlled because it is hazardous to skin and eyes | UV |
| radiation that does not penetrate glass, plastic, or dirt films | UV |
| radiation used to treat sewage because microbes can be killed without adding chemicals | UV |
| ionizing radiation | X rays |
| radiation type that causes breaks in DNA sugar phosphate causing translocations | X-Rays |
| radiation used to lengthen food shelf life | X-Rays |
| X-Ray leaves residiual radiation on foods, true or false | false |
| radiation that kills by vibrating water | microwave |
| ___ lack water and are not killed by ___ | endospores, microwave |
| used to physically remove microbes from liquid | 0.4um membrane filters |
| HEPA aka | high-efficiency particulate air |
| filttration used in ventilation systems and biological safety cabinets | HEPA |
| HEPA pore size | 0.3um |
| filtration used in ORs, burn units, or tuberculosis rooms | HEPA |
| laminar flow hoods protect lab from aerosols using this filter | HEPA |
| association between two species | symbiosis |
| 3 types of symbiotic relationships | mutualism, commensalisms, parasitism |
| define and give example of mutalism | both members benefit, E.coli in intestines produce vitamins, Trichonympha in gut of termite |
| define parasitism | parasite benefited, host harmed |
| define and give example of commensalism | one benefits, the other is unharmed. staph on skin or non-pathogenic strains in intestines |
| definition of infection | multiplication of any parasitic organism within or upon host |
| definition of infestation | used to refer to larger parasites, worms, or arthropods |
| define disease | body's reaction to an infection. interferes with body's normal function |
| define pathogenicity | capability to produce disease |
| define virulence | refers to the intensity of the disease produced by pathogens |
| can increase by animal passage | virulence |
| define attenuation | virulence of a pathogen can be decreased by repeated subculturing on lab media |
| what are resident flora | microbes that are always at a particular site |
| what are transient flora | flora that are temporarily present |
| what are sterile body fluids (5) | blood, CSF, pre-secretion saliva, urine in kidney and bladder, semen prior to entry into urethra |
| 9 locations of resident microflora | conjunctiva, nose, mouth, pharynx, skin, colon, rectum, urethra, vagine |
| 3 conditions for opportunistic microbes | failure of hosts defenses intro of organisms into unusual body sites disturbed microbiota |
| 3 virulence factors | adhesins, colonization, invasiveness |
| What are Adhesins | proteins/glycoproteins on surface or pili or capsules attach to host surface |
| what is colonization | pathogens must survive and reproduce despite host defenses |
| what is invasiveness | ability to invade host tissues. bubonic plague by flea bite is 55% fatal. pneumonic plague by aerosols is 98% fatal |
| exotoxin description | protein, heat labile, specific tissue toxicity (neurotoxin, enterotoxin) |
| hyaluronidase activity | invasive pathogens reach surface, produce hyaluronidase, pathogens invade deeper |
| description of coagulase activity | walls off Staph to protect it from body defenses, causes plasma to clot |
| description of strpetokinase activity | dissolves blood clots from by coagulase |
| endotoxin activity | LPS of G- wall, heat stable, non-specific activity, can cause system shock and death |
| leukocidin | released by bacteria once engulged by phagocytes, kills phagocytes |
| luekostatin | released by bacteria to inhibit phagocytosis |
| 4 types of infectious disease | acute, chronic, sub-acute, latent |
| what is an acute disease, give example | develops and runs course rapidly, influenza |
| what is a chronic disease, give example | develops slowly and persists, TB and leprosy |
| what is a sub-acute disease, give example | intermediate, gingivitis |
| what is a latent disease | periods of inactivity, herpes simplex virus |
| septicemia | pathogen multiplying in blood |
| bacteremia | pathogen present not multiplying |
| viremia | virus not multiplying |
| toxemia | toxins in blood |
| primary infection | initial infection, usually acute |
| secondary infection | follows primary infection due to weakened condition |
| superinfection | secondary infection that results from destrution of normal flora |
| 2 examples of superinfections | Candida, C. difficile |
| define and give example of mixed infections | caused by multiple organisms, periodontal disease |
| define and give example of subclinical infection | patient fails to show signs of the infection due to low number of pathogens or effective immune response, hep B |
| define "sign" | characteristics that can be observed like swelling, redness, pus |
| define "symptoms" | characteristics that patient feels like pain and nausea |
| define syndrome | combinations of signs and symptoms that are indicative of a particular disease |
| define sequelae | aftereffects of a particular disease, after recovery |
| acme and flminating | point of worst signs and symptoms seen. fulminating if sudden and severe |
| Define epidemiology | study of factors and mechanisms involved with the frequency and spread of disease within populations |
| define etiology | causative agent of disease in a population |
| define incidence rate | number of new cases within a period |
| define prevalence rate | total number of people infected within the population |
| morbidity rate | number of indiv. affected in set period |
| mortality rate | number of deaths due to disease |
| endemic | continually present, like chicken pox |
| epidemic | higher than normal incidence rate, diphtheria in soviet union |
| pandemic | worldwide spread, cholera |
| sporadic | random unpredictable manner of occurrence, EEE |
| 3 disease Reservoirs | human, living, non-living |
| 3 points about human carriers | healthy- subclinical or incubation chronic- typhoid Mary intermittent- periodically release |
| bubonic plague inhabits rat fleas, example of what type of carrier | animal |
| 2 sources of non-living disease carriers | soil- reservoice for fungal spores and helminths improperly cooked or stored food |
| 3 types of disease transmission | contact, vehicles, vectors |
| 3 types of contact transmission | direct, indirect, droplet |
| direct transmission occrus by | body contact |
| horizontal transmission | any type of touching |
| vertical direct transmission | offspring via placenta, gametes,vaginal canal, or milk |
| auto-inoculation direct transmission | touching lesion than touching eye |
| fecal-oral direct transmission | unwashed hands |
| indirect contact transmission | contaminated fomites like utensils, toys, tissues |
| droplet direct transmission | aerosols created by sneezing or coughing that are inhaled |
| 3 types of vehicle transmission | waterborne, airborne, foodborne |
| waterborne vehicle transmission | feces contaiminate water source |
| airborne vehicle transmission | travel more than 1mi. in air, Coccidioides |
| foodborne vehicle transmission | improper processing/cooking |
| vector transmission | mechanical and biological-- most are arthropods |
| 4 controls of disease transmission | isolation, quarantine, immunization, vector control |
| nosocomial infections | acquired in hospital |
| % of patients that acquire nosocomial infections | 10% |
| exogenous nosocomial infection | enter patient from people or fomites |
| endogenous nosocomial infection | opportunistics |
| compromised host nosocomial infection | indiv. susceptible to disease due to some pre-existing factor |
Created by:
mjbaig02
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