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CELL THEORY
VOCAB
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CELL | The basic unit of living matter in all organisms, consisting of protoplasm enclosed within a cell membrane |
| CELL THEORY | The theory that states that all living things are made up of cells,that cells are the basic units of organisms,each cell in a multicellular organism has a specific job |
| PROKARYOTE | A single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles |
| EUKARYOTE | An organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane,multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle |
| ORGANELLE | One of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function |
| PLASMA MEMBRANE | A phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment |
| SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY | The property of a membrane or other material that allows some substances to pass through it more easily than others |
| PHOSPHOLIPID | A lipid that contains phosphrus and that it is a structural component in cell membranes |
| FLUID MOSAIC MODEL | A model that describes the structure of cell membranes and in this model, a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell |
| TRANSPORT PROTEIN | A protein that is instrumental in transporting material, often in a specific manner, across a biological membrane, or within a biological fluid |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT | The movement of a chemical substance across a cell membrane without expenditure of energy by the cell, as in diffusion |
| DIFFUSION | The movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins |
| OSMOSIS | The diffusion of water or another solvent from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a membrane that is permeable to the solvent |
| ISOTONIC SOLUTION | A solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell |
| HYPOTONIC SOLUTION | Describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell |
| HYPERTONIC SOLUTION | Describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell |
| HYDROPHOBIC | Repelling, tending not to combine with, or incapable of dissolving in water |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | The movement of chemical substances,usually across the cell membrane,against a concentration gradient;requires cells to use energy |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | The process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell |
| EXOCYTOSIS | The process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out |
| ATP | An organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes;composed of a nitrogenous base,a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| ADP | A nucleotide,composed of adenosine and two linked phosphate groups, that is converted to ATP for the storage of energy |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS | The process by which plants,algae,and some bacteria use sunlight,carbon dioxide,and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen |
| LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION | The first stage of photosynthesis, occurring only in the presence of light, during which energy captured from light drives the production of ATP |
| LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION | Are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose |
| CALVIN CYCLE | A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | A series of molecules,found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts,through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION | The process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates;atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide |
| ANAEROBIC | Describes a process that does not require oxygen |
| AEROBIC | Describes a process that requires oxygen |
| GLYCOLYSIS | The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid,which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
| KREBS CYCLE | A series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water;it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal,bacterial,and plant cells |
| LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION | The chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product |
| ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION | The anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol |
| HYDROPHILIC | Having an affinity for water; readily absorbing or dissolving in water |
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DIZZYBOY12
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