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Mr. Wills Holt Ch3
Mr. Wills Holt Ch 3
| Term/? | Definition/Answer |
|---|---|
| atom | smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means. |
| proton | the positive particles found in the nucleus of an atom |
| electron | the negative particles found orbiting the nucleus |
| neutron | a particle found in the nucleus of an atom that has no charge |
| valence electrons | electrons in the outermost energy level (shell). Atoms prefer to have eight valence e-. |
| electron cloud | area around the nucleus that electron are likely to be found |
| element | a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means |
| isotope | an atom of an element that has a different number of neutrons |
| chemical bond | a force that holds atoms together; either covalent, ionic or hydrogen bonds |
| molecule | when two or more atoms are held together by chemical bonds |
| Covalent bonding | when two atoms share electrons in such a way that all atoms have eight valence electrons forming the strongest bonds. Ex water. This bond is between atoms. |
| Ionic Bonding | when an atom gives up or gains an electron to develop an electrical charge. Ex. NaCl Works similar to a magnet. This bond is between atoms. |
| Polar molecules | molecules that have unequal charges. One side is more – or ¬¬+. Ex. H2O, The weakest type of bond. This bond is between molecules. |
| Solubility | the ability to dissolve in a fluid |
| Dissolve | to break down into the smallest parts |
| Cohesion | the attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| Adhesion | the attraction between different molecules of different substances |
| Solution | a homogeneous mixture through out which two or more substances are equally spread |
| pH | scale to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance |
| ion | a molecule that is missing or has an extra electron |
| What r 4 unique properties of H2O? | floats, absorbs/retains heat, cohesion to polar molecules, adhesion to polar molecules |
| acid | a substance that gives off hydronium ions when dissolved. H+. pH 0-6.9 |
| base | a substance that gives off hydroxide ions when dissolved. OH-. pH 7.1-14 Ex. Lemon juice |
| neutral pH | pH of 7 Ex. Pure water |
| buffer | a substance that neutralizes both acids and bases ex. Coral Reefs |
| biomolecules/macromolecules | large molecules that are many of many repeating subunits that are necessary for life |
| monomer | the subunits that make up larger molecules |
| polymers | macromolecules |
| carbohydrates | molecules that are made of sugars and includes sugars, starches, and fiber. Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. |
| Monomer of carbs | sugars |
| Monosaccharide | single sugar |
| Disaccharide | double sugar |
| Polysaccharide | many sugars |
| Starches | carbs used for energy |
| Cellulose | carbs used for structure in plants |
| Chiton | carb used for structure in insects |
| 3functions of carbs | energy, structure and cell recognition |
| What shapes do sugars form | pentagons and hexagons |
| Lipids | a fat molecule or a molecule that has similar properties; wax and sterols |
| 2 functions of lipids | long term energy storage, water barriers, insulate organs |
| Monomer of lipids | fatty acids and carbon chains |
| Proteins | macromolecule made of long chains of amino acids Ex. Muscles, Enzymes, hair, hooves |
| Amino acid | a compound that contains an amino acid (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable group. |
| Peptide bond | holds amino acids together to form proteins |
| Functions of proteins | movement, structures and support, and catylysts |
| Nucleic Acids | a long chain of nucleotides. Ex. DNA, RNA, ATP |
| Nucleotide | the monomer for nucleic acids |
| Function of Nucleic Acids | Store Heredity Info. (DNA), RNA helps make protein, ATP transports immediate energy. |
| Energy | the ability to make things move or change matter. |
| Reactant(s) | a substance or substances that are involved in a chemical reaction |
| Chemical change | when one substance changes into another substance |
| Law of conservation of mass | matter cannot be created or destroyed only change form |
| Law of conservation of energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed only change form |
| Product | a substance that forms after a chemical reaction |
| Activation energy | the amount of energy need for a chemical reaction to occur |
| Enzyme | a molecule that increases the speed of biochemical reactions |
| Active site | part of an enzyme where the reactions take place |
| Substrate(s) | substance(s) that are either broken down or put together by enzymes |
| Catalysts | substances that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process |
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mrwillsshs
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