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Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nucleotide | In a nucleic-acid chain, a sub- unit that consists of a sugar, a phos- phate, and a nitrogenous base |
| Deoxyribose | A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides |
| Nitrogenous Base | An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA |
| Purine | A nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine |
| Pyrimidine | A nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two gen- eral categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil |
| Base-pairing Rules | The rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA |
| Complementary Base Pair | The nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine |
| Base Sequence | |
| DNA replication | The process of making a copy of DNA |
| Helicase | An enzyme that separates DNA strands |
| Replication Fork | A Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated |
| DNA Polymerase | An enzyme that cat- alyzes the formation of the DNA molecule |
| Semi-Conservative Replication | In each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new |
| Mutation | A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule |
| RNA | Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information |
| Transcription | The process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template |
| Translation | The portion of protein synthe- sis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains |
| Protein Synthesis | The formation of pro- teins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA |
| Ribose | A five-carbon sugar present in RNA |
| mRNA | Single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the informa- tion to make a protein |
| rRNA | Organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function |
| tRNA | RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation |
| RNA Polymerase | An enzyme that starts the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template |
| Promoter | Nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the tran- scription of a specific gene |
| Termination Signal | Specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene |
| Genetic Code | Rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| Codon | In DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal |
| Anticodon | region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA |
| Genome | Complete genetic material contained in an individual |
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