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Bis 101
Lecture 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the point of gene regulation in Eukaryotes? | Cell differentiation: Different cell types in an organism |
| What is the difference between adult and fetal hemoglobin? | The fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen so that it can harvest oxygen from the maternal blood. |
| When do eukaryotes regulate their genes? | Mainly during transcription but also during RNA processing, translation, and post-translation |
| How is gene regulation in Eukaryotes different from prokaryotes? | Its more intricate, and the genes are mostly organized individually |
| What is the normal ground state of gene regulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | In eukaryotes it's normally off and in prokaryotes it's normally on |
| What's one additional way that activators affect transcription in eukaryotes? | It can loosen the chromosome to promote transcription |
| What is DNA methylation? | It inhibits transcription by either preventing the binding of an activator or recruiting proteins that make the DNA more compact. It methylates the DNA compacting it. |
| What are three features found in most promoters in eukaryotes? | A TATA box, transcriptional start site, and response elements |
| What is a TATA box? | 25 base pairs down stream from the transcriptional start site. It determines the exact starting point for transcription |
| What is a transcriptional start site? | Where transcription begins. With the TATA box it forms the core promoter. |
| What is a response element? | Enhancers and silencers recognized by regulatory proteins |
| What does GAL 4 control? | All the other GAL molecules |
| What is an enhancer and silencer? | Coding in the DNA that gets bound to by regulatory genes to control other genes in the pathway |
| What must occur before transcription in eukaryotes can occur? | The 5 different general trancription factors (GTF's) and DNA polymerase 2 must come together at the core promoter |
| What is the Preinitiation complex? | The GTF's and DNA polymerase 2 assembled at the TATA box. This is called the basal transcription apparatus |
| What does the mediator do? | Its needed for transcription. Control the rate of the DNA polymerase 2. Mediates interactions between gene regulators and enhancers/silencers. It hooks onto the pre-initiation complex |
| What are the three ways to control transcription? | Activators and repressors, mediators, recruitment of proteins that influence DNA packing |
| What does the histone code do? | Among other things it control the amount of compaction in DNA. This is because DNA is negatively charged and histones are positively charged |
| What does methylation of the CpG island do? | It may prevent an activator from binding to an enhancer element |
| How does methylation move the chromatin? | It can move it from an open to a closed formation |
| Why does gene regulation occur after transcription? | Because more mRNA can be made at a time and its faster |
| What are MicroRNAs? | Small RNA molecules that silence the expression of existing RNA molecules. Called miRNA's. It does this be degrading the RNA or preventing translation of RNA |
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24rory
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