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Micro lecture 18
Micro lecture 18 Part A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Enterobacteriaceae | largest and most heterogeneous group of medically important Gram-negative rods |
| Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae | moderately sized, Gram-negative rods. Share a common antigen: enterobacterial common antigen; non-spore-forming; grow rapidly; ferment glucose, reduce nitrate, catalase positve, oxidase negative. |
| Escherichia Coli | Normal flora of GI tract; opportunist; becomes a pathogen if it acquires virulence genes |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Normal flora of the mouth, skin, and GI tract; opportunist; thick mucoid capsule |
| Salmonella spp. | Always pathogenic, acquired from an animal reservoir |
| Shigella spp. | Always pathogenic |
| Proteus mirabilis | Normal flora of GI tract; opportunist; causes UTIs |
| Yersina spp. | always pathogenic; acquired from an animal reservoir |
| Are most enterobacteriaceae coliforms or non-coliforms? | Coliforms |
| Coliform bacteria | Mostly in feces. Used as indicator organisms to measure risk of pathogenic fecal bacteria in water. Ferment lactose. |
| Gram-positives DO or DO NOT grow on MacConkey agar? | DO NOT |
| E. coli characteristics | normal colon flora; can be pathogenic both in and out of the colon; motile or nonmotile; usually ferments lactose; produce both acid and gas during carb fermentation |
| What does E. coli cause? | UTIs, Neonatal meningitis, and the following nosocomial infections: sepsis/bacteremia, endotoxic shock, pneumonia |
| Noninvasive E. coli strains for gastroenteritis | ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EHEC |
| Invasive E. coli strain for gastroenteritis | EIEC |
| ETEC - enterotoxigenic E. coli | Plasmid-mediated enterotoxins stimulate hyper-secretion of fluids and electrolytes. ST - heat stable enterotoxin; causes increase in cGMP; LT - heat-labile enterotoxin; increases cAMP |
| What does ETEC cause? How is it spread? | Traveller's diarrhea and infant diarrhea in underdeveloped countries. Spread by person-to-person contact or fecal contamination of food/water |
| EPEC - enteropathogenic E. coli | Has a pathogenicity island called LEE (locus of enterocyte effacement). |
| What does EPEC cause? | infant diarrhea |
| EAEC - enteroaggregative E. coli causes... | travellers' diarrhea |
| EHEC - enterohemorrhagic E. coli a.k.a. STEC | binds to cells in large intestine, has Shiga-toxin and verotoxin; Shiga toxins cause cell death and disrupt protein synthesis |
| Where is EHEC found? | cattle |
| What does EHEC cause? | Diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, cramps, HUS |
| "S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi" a.k.a. Salmonella Typhi causes... | Typhoid fever |
| S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium a.k.a. Salmonella Typhimurium causes... | historical food poisoning. |
| S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis a.k.a. Salmonella Enteritidis causes... | contemporary food poisoning |
| S. enterica subsp. enterica characteristics | do not ferment lactose; ferment glucose; produce H2S; motile; widely distributed |
| Salmonellosis | Localized gastroenteritis; S. Enteritidis/S. Typhimurium causes usually; fever, abdominal cramping, diarrhea; food poisoning |
| Enteric (typhoid) fever | Severe, life-threatening illness in humans and higher primates. S. Typhi infects macrophages throughout body. Chills, sweats, headache, myalgia, diarrhea/constipation, maybe a faint rash. |
| Shigella characteristics | nonmotile, encapsulated, do not ferment lactose; only in humans; spread person to person fecal-oral |
| What does Shigella do | Gastroenteritis, invades/destroys mucosa of large intestine, produces Shiga toxin |
| Proteus | highly motile; swim/swarm everywhere; are pretty much everywhere; P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris are important |
| P. mirabilis | causes UTIs, produces urease, which raises pH of urine |
| 3 Yersina species | Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. pestis |
| Yersina characteristics | small Gram-negative rod, Lac negative. Destroy macrophages |
| Yersina virulence factors | Yersina outer proteins (Yops), make an injectisome for the type III secretion system; V antigen - makes needle part; capsule, endotoxin |
| What is the stain characteristic of Yersina? | bipolar |
| Y. pestis comes from | animals |
| Urban plague and Sylvanic plague of Y. pestis | animals to fleas to people |
| Bubonic plague vs. Pneumonic plague | Bubonic = bubo on skin; Pneumonic = from inhalation, infection on lung |
| How does the bacteria ensure that it will be passed from flea to new host? | it blocks the flea's proventriculus, keeping it from being able to ingest. |
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