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Genetic DNA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | a very long molecule made of repeating subunits called nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | 3 parts- sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base, |
| RNA | single stranded, contains U's instead of T's, can leave the nucleus |
| Watson and Crick | developed the double helix model of DNA |
| Double Helix | a long zipper that is twisted |
| Mutation | any change in DNA code |
| Replication | the coping of DNA for the procss of cell division |
| Transcription | coping of DNA in mRNA (messenger RNA) |
| Translation | the mRNA code is converted into a sequence of amino acids be a tRNA, each 3 base pairs codes for a particular amino acid |
| Mitosis | the process in which 2 identical cells are made from 1 for the purpose of growth and replacement |
| Asexual Reproduction | single celled organisms such as bacteria produce this reproduction is rapid generating many organisms |
| Sexual Reproduction | reproduction not as quick but provides for genetic recombination |
| Meiosis | the process of making sex cells also called gametes, the chromosome number is halved so that when sex cells join during fertilization the original number of chromosomes is conserved |
| Crossing over | during meiosis homologous chromosomes line up and sometimes swap sections of their DNA, this ensures that the genetic codes is mixed up |
| Law of Independent Assortment/ Random Assortment of Chromosomes | during meiosis there is no set way in which chromosomes are divided. |
| Fertilization | joining of gametes from two sources |
| Mutations | change the DNA sequence |
| Nondisjunctions | occurs when chromosomes dont seperate properly during meiosis |
| Father of Genetics | Mendel- studied plants |
| Gene | a segment of DNA that encodes for a trait |
| Allele | a different form of the same gene |
| Dominant Allele | masks any other form present |
| Recessive Allele | the form of a gene that is masked |
| Homozygous | an individual that has two of the same alleles for a gene |
| Heterozygous | an individual that has teo different alleles for a gene |
| Test cross | crossing an unknown individual with a recessive individual to determine whether the unknown individual is heterozygous or homozygous |
| Incomplete Dominance | neither allele masks the other but instead you see an intermediate in the heterozygous |
| Codominant alleles | when neither allele masks the other but instead you see both alleles appear |
| Multiple Alleles | more then two alleles influence the same gene |
| Polygenic | traits such as hair color that are controlled by more than one gene |
| Karyotypes | diagrams that arrange chromosomes from largest to smallest in order to detect diseases caused by nondisjunction or other abnormalities |
| Pedigrees | a chart, similar to a family tree that traces a particular trait or disease |
| Human Genome Project | sequence the entire human DNA |
| Gene Therapy | replacing defective genes with normal copies |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA from humans can be taken and placed in bacteria cells so that proteins like insulin can be made more efficiently |
| DNA fingerprinting | every person has unique DNA, that can be placed in a gel electrophoresis to form a unique "fingerprint" |
| Trangenic organisms | organisms that have DNA from other organisms placed in them |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | red blood cells are shaped like a sickle (half moon) due to a mutations in the hemoglobin protein attached to the red blood cell |
| Cystice Fibrosis | a disorder in whih an enzyme that breaks down mucus is not present so mucus in the lungs and repiratorytrack become blocked |
| Down Syndrome | a condition in which an individual receives an extra copy of chromosome 21 due to mistakes in meiosis |
| Huntinton's Disease | a disease which can be detected by a genetic test but its affects cannot be seen until the individual is in his 40's |
| Environmental Risk Factors | radiation, tobacco smoke and exposure to certain chemical can mutate your DNA |
| PKU | a disorder caused by defects in the genetic code that lead to one or more enzymes not be created correctly |
| HIV | virus thet is transmitted through bodily fluids either sexually or though needles |
| Influenza | caused by a virus that mutates rapidly requiring us to create annual vaccines |
| Smallpox | baterial disease that has been eliminated from humn population due to vaccination programs |
| Streptococcus | baterial disease that can be treated with antibiotics |
| mitosis | produces 2 cells, diploidcells for diploid cells, chromosomes number remains the same, and cell's divide once |
| meiosis | produces 4 cells, diploid cells produce haploid cells, chromosome number is halved, and cells divide twice |
Created by:
bridgetjackson134
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