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Nutrition/Roth text
Nutrition/Roth text/Nursing
| a | b |
|---|---|
| organic, carbon-containing compounds that enable the body to use energy. | vitamins |
| fat-soluable vitamins (4) | KADE |
| water soluable vitamins (9) | 8 in the B complex, C |
| "UL" stands for | tolerable Upper Limit |
| "AI" stands for | Adequate Intake level |
| "DRI" stands for | Daily Recommended Intake |
| function of the NRC (National Research Council) | publish recommended dietary allowances for minerals based on research |
| Those who are prone to vitamin deficiencies | alcoholics, poor, elderly, children, incapacitated |
| free radical | atoms with odd or unpaired electrons due to reaction with oxygen |
| free radicals can damage | D/RNA and cell membranes |
| antioxidant | substance that prevents damage from oxygen |
| antioxidants stop the chain reactions of | free radicals |
| restored foods are | foods in which vitamins lost in cooking are replaced |
| enriched foods are | vitamins are added into |
| vitamers are | different chemical forms of the same vitamin |
| tocopherols | vitamers of Vit E |
| tocotrienols | a form of Vit E |
| precursor/provitamins are | substances vitamins can be synthesized from |
| prohormones are | substances the body can synthesize a hormone from |
| carotinoids are precursors to | Vit A |
| xerophthalmia | dry mucous membranes of the eye |
| xerophthalmia is caused by a deficiency in | Vit A |
| a lack of vitamins is called | avitaminosis |
| hemolysis is | RBC destruction |
| a non-heme iron is | iron from animal food (not part of hemoglobin) and from plants |
| a heme iron | iron from the hemoglobin found in animals (meats) |
| collagen is | a protein that holds body cells together |
| fat soluable vitamins are carried by | lipoproteins |
| lipoproteins carry fat soluable vitamins to the (organ) | liver |
| deficiencies in fat soluable vitamins appear | slowly |
| megadoses of fat soluable vitamins should be (encouraged/avoided) | avoided |
| fat soluable vitamin deficiencies are often seen in patients with | chronic malabsorption diseases: celiac, CF, crohn's |
| preformed Vit A is known as | retinol |
| sources of Vit A are: | liver, whole milk, cream, butter, cod liver oil, GLVs, deep yellow/orange fruit |
| the leading cause of blindness is a deficiency in | Vit A |
| carotenoids are also considered | antioxidants |
| functions of Vit A are: | maint. of vision, mucous membranes, skin, bone growth/development, reproduction, immune |
| deficiencies in Vit A can cause: | night blindness, dry, rough skin, resp infections, bone growth ceases |
| an excess amount of Vit A can cause: | birth defects, hair loss, headaches, nausea, dry skin/muscous membranes, bone/joint pain, anorexia, liver enlargement/damage |
| Vit D is considered a | prohormone |
| the best source of Vit D is | sunlight |
| other sources of Vit D are: | fortified milk, fish liver oils, egg yolks, butter |
| the function of Vit D is: | promotion of calcium and phosphorus absorption, through calcium it promotes normal bone and teeth mineralization, prevents hypocalcemima |
| an excess in Vit D can cause: | calcium and phosphorus deposits in soft tissues, kidney stones, kidney and heart damage, bone fragility |
| an illness in children caused by a Vit D deficiency | rickets |
| in adults, a Vit D deficiency can cause | osteomalacia, osteoporosis |
| the types of Vit E are (4) | alpha, beta, delta, gamma |
| Vit E is also considered an | antioxidant |
| the functions of Vit E are: | protects cell structure, reduces hemolysis, enhances immune system, retards food spoilage |
| sources of Vit E are: | veg. oil and margarie from corn, soy, safflower, cottonseed; wheat germ, nuts, GLVs. |
| an excess amount of Vit E is (common/rare) | rare, however megadoses are not recommended |
| a deficiency in Vit E can cause: | low birth wt in babies, decreased fat absorption, neuro defects, RBC destruction |
| Vit K is aborbed with fats in the | small intestine and colon |
| Vit K is made of | blood clotting compounds |
| Vit K 1 (phylloquinone) is found in | GLVs and animal tissue |
| Vit K 2 (menaquinone) is found in | intestinal bacteria and animal tissue |
| Synthetic Vit K is called | menadione |
| This is given to newborns to prevent intercranial hemorrhages | Vit K |
| Patients with poor fat absorption or long-term antibiotic therapy may need supplemental | Vit K |
| This is needed to make prothrombin | Vit K |
| the antidote for warfarin and coumadin | Vit K |
| used to treat hemorrhages | Vit K |
| sources of Vit K are: | GLVs, dairy, eggs, meats, fruits, cereals, cow's milk |
| an excess of Vit K can cause | hemolytic anemia |
| a deficiency in Vit K can cause | defective blood coagulation, abnormal PT, PTT, hemorrhage |
| Thiamin is part of the B 12 complex and is a | coenzyme |
| the functions of thiamin are: | metabolism of carbs and some amino acids, nerve and muscle action, maintains appetite |
| sources of thiamin are: | unrefined and enriched cereals, yeast, wheat germ, lean pork, organ meats, legumes |
| a deficiency in thiamin can cause: | loss of appetite, fatigue, nervous irritability, constipation |
| people at risk for thiamin deficiency are those who eat | large amounts of raw fish (due to thiaminase) |
| an illness caused by an extreme deficiency in thiamin is | beriberi |
| those at risk of thiamin deficiency are: | alcoholics, dialysis patients, long-term IV use, those with chronic fevers |
| other than Beriberi, thiamin deficiencies can cause: | heavy legs, burning feet, tachycardia, heart failure, edema |
| riboflavin is part of the | B complex |
| functions of riboflavin are: | carb, fat, and protein metabolism, tissue maintenence (involving the mouth area), healthy eyes |
| sources of riboflavin are: | meats, poultry, fish, enriched breads and cereals, broccoli, spinach, asparagus, milk (opaque jug) |
| a deficiency in riboflavin is called | ariboflavinosis |
| ariboflavinosis can cause: | cheilosis (sores/cracks at corners of mouth), glossitis, dermatitis, eye strain (itching, burning, fatigue), photophobia |
| fiber laxatives can reduce the absorption of this vitamin found in the B complex | riboflavin |
| niacin is also known as | nicotinic acidor nicotinamide |
| niacin is a coenzyme in | energy metabolism |
| niacin can be used to lower | cholesterol |
| if niacin is used to lower cholesterol, the patient must watch for signs of | liver damage and peptic ulcers |
| sources of niacin are: | meats, poultry, fish, peanuts/legumes, enriched breads and cereals |
| 1mg of niacin equals | 60mg tryptophan |
| a deficiency in niacin also occurs in a deficiency in | riboflavin |
| a major deficiency in niacin can cause | pellagra |
| pellagra, a deficiency in niacin can cause: | skin sores, diarrhea, irritability, poor memory, dizziness, death |
| an excess amount of niacin can cause: | flushing/vascular dilation, GI problems, itching, liver damage |
| Vit B 6 is also known as | pyridoxine, pyrodoxal, pyrodoxamine |
| tryptophan catalyzes to niacin with | Vit B 6 |
| this vitamin synthesizes serotonin and dopamine | Vit B 6 |
| functions of Vit B 6 are: | protein metabolism and absorption, aids glucose to glycogen, converts amino acids to needed ones |
| sources of Vit B 6 are: | poultry, fish, liver, kidney, potatoes, bananas, spinach, oats and whole wheat |
| Vit B 6 are lost from oats and wheat if they are | refined or milled |
| oral contraceptives can cause a deficiency in | Vit B 6 |
| as with other B complex vitamins, a deficiency in Vit B 6 can cause: | irritability, cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, depression, neuro and abdominal problems in infants |
| toxicity of Vit B 6 is rare, but can cause | neurological problems |
| Vit B 12 is also known as | cobalamin |
| functions of Vit B 12 are: | folate metabolism, myelin sheath protection, RBC maintenence |
| sources of Vit B 12 are: | organ meats, lean meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy |
| chronic vegetarianism can cause a deficiency in | Vit B 12 |
| general deficiencies in Vit B 12 can cause: | low myelin sheath synthesis, neurological problems, anorexia, glossitis, stomatitis, pallor, depression, dizziness |
| lack of Vit B 12 binding to intrinsic factor can cause | pernicious anemia |
| this form of anemia can develop due to a lack of Vit B 12 | megaloblastic anemia |
| megaloblastic anemia is characterized by: | very large, immature RBCs |
| patients who cannot absorb Vit B 12 in the ileun will need | Vit B 12 IM injections |
| folate is also known as | folic acid, folacin |
| functions of folate are: | DNA synthesis, protein metabolism, hemoglobin synthesis |
| it is better to eat fruits and vegetables containing folate | raw |
| sources of folate are: | fortified cereals, GLVs, legumes, sunflower seeds, OJ, strawberries |
| folate/folic acid is important for this population | those who are pregnant |
| neural tube defects associated with folate deficiency are: | spina bifida, anencephaly |
| deficiency in folate in all ages can cause: | stoma/glossitis, poor growth, depression, confusion, megaloblastic anemia |
| an excess of folate can: | mask a possible Vit B 12 deficiency, phenytonin inactivation |
| biotin is a coenzyme in the synthesis of | fatty and amino acids |
| niacin is synthesized from trytophan with the aid of | biotin |
| sources of biotin are: | milk, organ meats, egg yolks, soy flour, cereals, legumes, yeast, fruit |
| a deficiency in biotin can cause: | nausea, anorexia, depression, dermatitis, increase in serum cholesterol, hair loss |
| the functions of pantotheic acid | carb, fat, protein metabolism, synthesis of acetylcholine and steriod hormone |
| sources of pantothenic acids are: | meats, eggs, whole grains, legumes |
| pantothenic acids are synthesized by | the body |
| a clinically induced deficiency in pantothenic acids causes: | weakness, fatigue, burning in feet |
| Vit C is also known as | ascorbic acid |
| functions of Vit C are: | formation of collagen, absorption of non-heme iron, works with immune system, assists in function of NorEpi, amino acids, folate |
| most people take Vit C when they suspect they have a | cold |
| sources of Vit C are: | citrus fruit, melon, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, red/green peppers, cabbage, broccoli |
| this much more of Vit C is needed for smokers and those stressed | 35mg more that DRI |
| a deficiency in Vit C can cause: | bleeding gums, brusing, poor wound healing |
| major illness associated with Vit C deficiency: | scurvy |
| excess amounts of Vit C can cause: | nausea, diahrrea, cramps, excessive iron absorption, oxalate kidney stones, high uric acid level |
| contrary to popular belief, vitamin/mineral supplements do not | enhance performance, build muscle, provide energy, cure cancer, cure the common cold or heart disease |
| megadoses of vitamins/minerals should only be | prescribed |
| herbals are considered | supplements |
| regulations on vitamin/mineral supplements are done by | USFDA |
| supplements cannot claim | to prevent specific illnesses |
| excess minerals can be | toxic/hazardous |
| minerals originate in | the soil and water |
| before a supplement can be removed from store shelves the | USFDA must have proof they are unsafe |
| salts are soluble in | water |
| the function of electrolytes are: | maintain fluid and electrical balance, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, acid-base balance |
| the functions of calcuim are: | development of strong bones and teeth (with P), nerve/muscle action, heart function, blood clotting, cell metabolism |
| the body maintains blood levels of this, even if intake is poor | calcium |
| in low levels of calcium, the parathyroid | tells the kidneys to conserve calcium |
| the bodys response to hypokalemia is to release calcium from | the bones |
| osteoclasts | tear down bones |
| osteoblasts | build bones |
| high levels of calcium can cause: | constipation and inhibit iron and zinc absorption |
| tetany and osteoporosis can be caused by | low calcium in blood |
| osteomalacia is also called | adult rickets |
| phosphorus works along side of | calcium |
| phosphorus is stored in the | bones |
| sources of calcium are: | milk, sardines and salmon, GLVs |
| in order to be absorbed, calcium needs | Vit D |
| highest bioavailable calcium supplement is | calcium bicarbonate |
Created by:
agperryman
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