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Chapter 14_
Botany
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| decomposers | break down organic material from bodies of organims, release carbon dioxide into atmosphere and return nitrogen to the soil |
| parasites, "predators" | attack living organisms (crops) |
| cyclosporin | fungi that suppress immune system response which would reject organ transplant |
| lichens | association between fungus and algae or cyanobacteria |
| mycorrhizae | association between fungus and plant roots |
| hyphae | fungal filaments that rapidly grow at tips and synthesize protein throughout |
| mycelium | mass of hyphae |
| septa | partitions or crosswalls in hyphae |
| central pore | crosswalls with large enough gap for nucleus to pass through |
| coenocytic (aseptate) | no crosswalls in hyphae) |
| cell walls of hyphae | composed of chitin (polysaccharide) which is more resistant to microbial degradation than cellulose |
| digestion of hyphae | secretes enzymes (exozymes) onto food source, then absorb small molecules |
| energy storage of hyphae | glycogen |
| saprophytes | consume organic material from dead organisms |
| parasites | consume organic material from living organisms |
| rhizoids | specialized hyphae in some fungi that anchor fungi to substrate |
| haustoria | specialized hyphae in parasitic fungi that anchor fungus to cells of host and absorb nourishment directly from the host cells |
| plasmogamy | fusion of protoplasts |
| karyogamy | fusion of nuclei (2n nucleus) |
| meiosis | produces haploid spores |
| dikaryon | n + n - two nuclei do not fuse immediately after plasmogamy |
| microsporidia | unicellular, mitochondria lacking mitochondria, stacked Goli and peroxisomes |
| chytridiomycota | unicellular or filamentous, majority coenocytic, has motile spores - 2n zoospores, zoospores(2n), zoospores (n) and gametes (n), sporic life cycle |
| zygomycota | decay plant and animal matter, coenocytic, profuse hyphae, asexual spores from sporangia (very common), diploid spore = zygospore |
| heterothallic | require (+) and (-) strains for sexual reproduction |
| ascomycota | unicellular or filamentous, septate hyphae, both heterothallic and homothallic forms, produces ascospores |
| asexual reproduction via conidia (multinucleate) Ascomycota | produced on specialized hyphae (conidiophore) |
| sexual reproduction (Ascomycota) | ascus - saclike structure within which haploid ascospores are formed following meiosis |
| apothecium | cup or saucer-shaped structure with asci on the upper surface |
| cleistothecium | oviod or spherical ascocarp with no opening |
| perithecium | flask-shaped ascocarp with terminal pore |
| ascoma = ascocarp | complex structure of tightly woven hyphae (n & n+n) |
| hymenium | inner surface of ascocarp where asci form |
| Basidiomycota | decomposer, septate hyphae |
| clamp connection | ensure allocation of nucleus of each type of the daughter cells |
| basidioma = basidiocarp | complex structure of tightly woven dikaryotic hyphae (n+n) |
| basidium | club-shaped spore producing structure |
| basidiospore | haploid spores |
| Basidiomycota | Basidiomycetes, teliomycetes and ustomycetes |
| basidiomycetes | muchrooms, toadstools, puff balls, shelf fungi (basidioma/basidiocarp) |
| teliomycetes | rusts (sori) |
| ustomycetes | smuts (sori) |
| Hymenomycetes | mushrooms, shelf fungi, coral fungi and tooth fungi |
| Gasteromycetes | puff balls, false puff balls, bird's nest fungi, stinkhorns and earth stars |
| hymenium | inner surface where basidiospores are produced (discharged forcefully) |
| Gasteromycetes | no hymenium - basidiospores mature inside basidioma (not forcibly discharged), not monophyletic, outer covering - peridium |
| teliomycetes | spores produced in sori (cluster of sporangia), do not produce basidioma, septate hyphae (monokaryotic and dikaryotic), basidiospores and dikaryotic spores, heterothallic |
| mutualistic | benefits host and fungus |
| lichens | association between mycobiont (fungus) and photobiont (algae or cyanobacteria) |
| mycobiont | possesses haustoria that penetrate photobiont cells giving mycobiont carbs and/or nitrogen, and photobiont get good area for growth |
| crustose | flattened and adheres firmly to substrate, "crusty" appearance |
| foliose | leaf-like appearance |
| fruticose | erect and branched "shrubby" appearance |
| mycorrhizae | association with plant roots, increase plants ability to capture water and essential nutrients, and protects plant from infection by harmful fungi and nematodes, and fungi receives carbs and vitamins |
| endophytes | in between plant cells and produce toxic compounds to protect polants from pathogenic fungi, herbivores (insects, mammals) |
| Endomycorrhizae | Glomeromycota |
| arbuscules | highly branched structures in the host root that invaginate plasma membrane not the cytoplasm of the plant cell |
| vesicles | terminal swellings, storage compartments |
| ectomycorrhizae | surround plant roots and makes tree more resistant to harsh, cold, dry conditions by growing hyphae between root cortical and epidermal cells |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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