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Humazb1o
HBiology(Nervous system)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define The Nervous System | Integrates body functions by sending electrochemical messages throughout the body |
| Central Nervous System(CNS) | brain and spine |
| Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) | consists of nerves outside CNS |
| Name two types of tissue in CNS and PNS | neurons and neuroglia |
| Define Neurons | cells that transmit messages(nervous impulses)between nervous system |
| Define Neuroglia | Outnumber neurons in PNS 9:1, 50% of brain |
| Neuroglia inside brain | destroy bacteria, cell debris provide nutrients from myelin sheath-protective coating |
| Neuroglia outside brain | myelin sheath |
| Define sensory receptor | skin or other organ that detects a change in int or ext environment |
| Define inner neuron | take impulses from sensory receptors to interneuron |
| Define interneuron | lies within the CNS, takes messages from sensory and other neurons, sums up messages and then sends a message/reaction |
| Define motor neurons(PNS) | takes messages to effector |
| Define effector | muscle or gland that carries out message(run, move limb, salvate...) |
| Define salvatory conduction | impulse jumps from node to node |
| Define unmyelinated | impulses travel 100meters/s |
| Multiple Sclerosis(MS) | body attacks myelin sheath, loss of ability to walk and talk, autoimmune disease, 10x slower |
| Symptons of MS | pain/numbness in half body, loss of vision in one eye, dizziness |
| Leukodystrophy(genetic disorder) | affects children or infants, progressive loss of speech, muscle tone, gait, development, 10x slower |
| Polarized | nerve impulses at rest, negative inside/positive outside |
| Depolarized | positive on inside/negative on outside, allowing messages to travel |
| Repolarization | an impulse travels then becomes positive outside/negative inside |
| Define refactory period | no signals sent for brief time so messages only go in one direction |
| For messages to be sent, nerves must be... | depolarized(positive inside) |
| Define impulse | reaches end of axon |
| Define neurotransmitters | released from vesicle to synapse, hormones, how messages travel through synapse |
| Excitatory(NT) | fight or flight response, Epinephrine |
| Inhibitory | rest, Acetycholine |
| Messages are sent... | in one direction |
| Cerebrum(association areas) | integration occurs, visual association(recognition) |
| Cerebrum(processing centers) | perform higher level of thinking(analytical thinking) |
| Cerebrum has 2 areas for thinking... | ability to speak and to understand a language |
| Cerebellum | movement |
| Rote movement | Cerebellum...don't think about(walking, writing) |
| Cerebellum is responsible for... | new skills, posture/balance/coordination |
| Cerebral Cortex(cerebrum) | gives info to Cerebellum about where body should be located |
| Diencephalon | hypothalomus, thalomus, pinial gland |
| Define Hypothalomus | maintain homeostasis(thirst, hunger, need sleep) |
| Define Thalomus | recieves messages from senses and sends it to Cerebrum |
| Define Pineal Gland | releases melatonin, regulated daily rhythms(time to sleep) |
| Brain stem | midbrain, medulla oblongata, reticular formation |
| Define midbrain | relay station between Cerebrum, spinal cord and Cerebellum |
| Define medulla oblongata | controls autonomic functions(heartbeat, breathing, caughing, digestion, sneezing, hiccupping) |
| Reticular Formation | extends length of brain stem |
| Reticular Activation System(RAS) | arouses the Cerebrum via thalomus(bright light, loud sound, cold water) |
| Define memory | ability to hold a thought in your mind or recall events from the past |
| Define learning | when we retain and utilize memories |
| Short Term Memory | memory that keeps a few minutes, chunked(5-9), new info replaces old |
| Long Term Memory | Semantic and Episodic |
| Define semantic memory | numbers and words |
| Define episodic memory | people and events |
| Skill memory | how to ride a bike, shuffle cards... |
| While learning... | uses many areas of Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brain Stem |
| Working memory | short term memory to complete tasks(taking notes, balancing numbers) |
| Failure of memory... | not adequately stored, failure to retain or retrieve |
| Define hypocampus(cerebrum) | determines what should be sent to memory, how to be encoded, how should be stored in other sections of brain...spatial memory |
| Alzheimers | hypocampus is first area to become damaged. second damaged is amygdala(primitive emotions) |
| Limbic System | Amygdala and hypocampus |
| Left Hemisphere | verbal, logical, analytical, rational |
| Right Hemisphere | artist, intuitive, creative, viduospatial, nonverbal |
| Define Iris | Colored part of eye, regulates amount of light that enters the eyes |
| Define Pupil | emits light |
| Define Cornea | clear outer part, refracts light(window) |
| Define Lens | behind Iris, helps focus light |
| Define Retina | light sensitive tissue lining back of the eye, converts light to electical impulses that are sent to the brain through optic nerve |
| Define Optic Nerve | bundle(1 million), nerve axons, carries visual message from retina to the brain |
| Vitreous gel | gel that fills the eye |
| Cilliary Body | holds lens in place, changed shape of lens(visual accomidation) |
| Lens changes shape... | when looking close up or far away |
| Rods(retina) | black and white, shades of grey(allows us to see when dark) |
| Cones(retina) | sense color, more light the better visual color(blue, red, green) |
| Nearsighted | elongated eye(close better than far), focus light before the retina |
| Farsighted | short eye(far away better than close up), focus light beyond retina |
| Astigmatism | Uneven Cornea |
| The Outer Ear | Pina/auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane |
| Pina/Auricle | part that can be seen, collects sound |
| Auditory Canal | sound travel from outside to inside |
| Tympanic Membrane(ear drum) | seperates outer ear from middle ear |
| Ossicles | 3 tiny bones, sound reaches tympanic membrane>it vibrates bones>moves sound to inner ear |
| The Inner Ear | vibrations enter the inner ear, Cochlea |
| Cochlea | filled with liquid which moves due to vibrations, lined with tiny hairs(stereocilia), vibrations move stereocilia creating nerve signals that travel through auditory nerve to the brain |
| Semicircular Canals(balance) | above the Cochlea, canals lined with stereocilia are filled with fluid>sends message to Cerebellum about position of head |
Created by:
spanish09
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