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Genetics-Test 4
Chapters 8,9,11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gene Expression pathway | Dna- transcription- RNA (mRNA)- translation- protein |
| Transcription process (3 steps) | Initiation, elongation, termination |
| Initiation | promoter, start site, RNA polymerase (transcription factors) |
| Elongation | RNA polymerase, RNA transcript 5'-3', polymerase III adds nucleotides |
| Termination | terminators (DNA stop sequence) |
| Transcription | first step in gene expression, making a copy of a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, RNA= protein building instructions |
| Structural genes in gene expression | encode amino acids of a polypeptide |
| Transcription of a structural gene produces | messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| the mRNA sequence determines | the amino acids in the polypeptide |
| the function of the protein determines | traits |
| Promoter | site for RNA polymerase binding; signals the beginning of transcription |
| What is needed to make DNA? | nucleotides, enzymes, primers, template |
| Why don't you need a helices in the PCR? | apply heat to separate bonds instead of using a helicase |
| Why don't you need a DNA gyrase in the PCR? | it untangles the DNA but when heated the whole thing comes apart |
| What enzyme makes primers? | DNA primase |
| Tau | connects the 2 into a complex |
| Beta | ring that holds on to the DNA |
| Epsilon | is used for proofreading |
| 3 nucleotides | codon |
| Codons are | blocks of information, each corresponding to one amino acid |
| Codons are ______ to each other | adjacent |
| Promoter | site for RNA polymerase binding; signals the beginning of transcription |
| What is needed to make DNA? | nucleotides, enzymes, primers, template |
| Why don't you need a helices in the PCR? | apply heat to separate bonds instead of using a helicase |
| Why don't you need a DNA gyrase in the PCR? | it untangles the DNA but when heated the whole thing comes apart |
| What enzyme makes primers? | DNA primase |
| What would happen if we delete one or 2 nucleotides upstream the gene sequence? | change the entire reading frame |
| What change does NOT cause a frameshift mutation? | 3 basepair insertion |
| A codon is | a 3 base sequence of mRNA that codes for an amino acid |
| tRNA | transfer RNA- needed for translation of mRNA into polypeptides, transfer amino acids to ribosomes |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA- part of ribosomes, needed for translation, provides sites where polypeptides are assembled |
| Promoters are located | just upstream of the site where transcription of a gene begins |
| Promoter region is labeled | with negative numbers, bases to the right are numbered in a positive direction |
| RNA polymerase locates | the beginning of genes |
| RNA polymerase catalyzes | RNA synthesis |
| Holoenzymes is composed of | core enzyme (5 subunits) sigma facter (1 subunite) |
| The transcription factor enables | RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter |
| What best describes transcription? | DNA--RNA |
| The enzyme that accomplishes transcript is termed | RNA polymerase |
| the transcription enzyme first attaches to the | promoter of the gene |
| the terminator of a gene is located | downstream of the coding region |
| All RNA is _______from DNA template | transcribed |
| RNA polymerase binding site | sigma subunit |
| Rho- dependent termination | requires a protein known as p (rho) |
| Rho- independent termination | does not require p |
| The mRNA sequence is ______ to the template strand | complimentary |
| Sigma factor will recognize the | promoter region |
| RNA polymerase has __________ capability | no proofreading |
| RNA transcription produces many more errors than | DNA polymerase during DNA replication, not always a problem though because its temporary |
| End of RNA synthesis occurs | when the short RNA-DNA hybrid of the open complex is forced to separate |
| When the short RNA- DNA hybrid of the open complex is forced to separate what is released | the newly made RNA as well as the RNA polymerase |
| Rho protein is a | helicase (cuts hydrogen bonds) |
| Rho independent termination is facilitated by what 2 sequences in the RNA | 1. uracil rich sequence located at the 3' end of the RNA 2. stem-loop structure upstream of the U's |
| Intrinsic termination | no protein is required to physically remove the RNA from the DNA |
| Transcription and translation is ______ in prokaryotes | coupled |
| Operon | grouping of genes (typically related functionally) |
| mRNA begins to be translated before (in prokaryotes) | transcription is finished |
| The rho protein is involved in the _____ stage of transcription | termination |
| What occurs first in transcription | formation of a holoenzyme |
| Structural Gene | produces mRNA when transcribed |
| (euk) RNA pol 1 | ribosomal RNA genes |
| (euk) RNA pol II | transcribes all structural genes, synthesizes al mRNAs |
| (euk) RNA pol III | transcribes all transfer RNA genes and 5S rRNA gene |
| 3 features are found in most promoters | regulatory elements, TATA box, transcriptional start site |
| Core promoter in eukaryotes | relatively short consists of the TATA box, by itself produces a low level of transcription |
| basal transcription | low level transcription |
| Enhancers | stimulate transcription (activating sequences) w/o low basal level of transcription |
| Silencers | prevent transcription (inhibiting sequences) |
| Initiation of transcription= | RNA pol II + transcription factors |
| General transcription factors | necessary for assembly of transcription apparatus and recruitment of RNA pol II |
| Specific transcription factors | increase the level of transcription |
| 3 proteins needed for basal transcription | RNA pol II, general transcription factors, mediator |
| pre- initiation complex | closed |
| TFIID binds to the | TATA box |
| TFIIB acts as a what after TFIID binds | bridge to bind RNA polymerase II and TFIIF |
| after TFIBB binds RNA polymerase | a closed complex is formed |
| TFIIH acts as a what after TFIBB binds RNA polymerase | helicase to form an open complex |
| RNA pol II can do what after the open complex is formed | proceed to elongation |
| exons | coding sequences interrupted by intervening sequences (introns) |
| transcription produces the | entire gene product, introns are later removed, exons are connected together |
| RNA transcripts can be modified by | trimming of rRNA and tRNA transcripts or 5' capping and 3' polyA tailing of mRNA transcripts |
| Genetic material must meet what requirements | information, transmission, replication, variation |
| experimental crosses (mendel) | consistent with the genetic material makeup but could not reveal chemical nature of genetic material |
| Chromosomal theory | chromosomes carry genetic material |
| Hershey and Chase (1952) | discovered genetic material is DNA |
| Inject mouse with live type IIIS bacteria only | mouse died, type IIIS bacteria recovered |
| inject mouse with live type IIR bacteria | mouse survived, no living bacteria isolated from mouse blood |
| inject mouse with heat-killed type IIIS bacteria | mouse survived, no living bacteria isolated from mouse blood |
| inject mouse with live type IIR and heat killed type IIIS cells | mouse died, type IIIS bacteria recovered |
| Only the extract that contained________ was able to convert type IIR into ______ | purified DNA; type IIIS |
| Erwin Chargaff | nucleotides ratios in DNA |
| Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins | x-ray diffraction techniques to study DNA structure |
| Linus Pauling | ball and stick model to study proteins |
| Watson and Crick | ball and stick model of double helix DNA |
| nucleotides | building blocks of DNA |
| 3 components of nucleotides | phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base (AGTC) |
| PO4- belongs to which carbon | 5 carbon |
| OH belongs to which carbon | 3 carbon |
| Nucleotides are ________ linked together by _______ | covalently; phosphodiester bonds |
| Nucleotide is a | nucleoside tied to phosphate |
| Nucleoside | adenine (base) + sugar |
| As the helix spirals away from you | the helix turns in a clockwise direction |
| The double- bonded structure is stabilized by | hydrogen bonding between complementary bases and base stacking |
| A and T are bonded by | 2 hydrogen bonds |
| G and C are bonded by | 3 hydrogen bonds |
| RNA | usually single- stranded, but can form short double-stranded regions |
| Conservative model of replication of DNA | both parental strands stay together after DNA replication |
| Semi- conservative model of replication of DNA | the double- stranded DNA contains one parental and one new, daughter strand following replication |
| Dispersive model of replication of DNA | parental and daughter DNA are interspersed in both strands following replication |
| DNA replication is what model | semiconservative |
| DNA helicase seperates | DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between them |
| DNA gyrase | travels ahead of the helices and alleviates supercoils |
| Helicase travels along the DNA in what direction | 5' - 3' |
| RNA primers are synthesized by | DNA primase |
| Primer is extended only on | its 3' end |
| DnaA protein | binds to DnaA boxes within the origin to initiate DNA replication |
| topoisomerase | removes positive supercoiling ahead of the replication fork |
| primase | synthesizes short RNA primers |
| DNA ligase | covalently attaches adjacent okazaki fragments |
| DNA pol I | composed of single polypeptide, removes RNA primers, replaces them with DNA |
| Leading strand | one RNA primer is made at the origin, DNA pol III attaches nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction as it slides toward the opening of the replication fork |
| Lagging strand | synthesis is also in the 5' - 3' direction, many RNA primers are required, DNA pol III uses the RNA primers to synthesize small DNA fragments |
| alpha | polymerase activity 5' - 3' |
| E subunit | exonuclease activity 3' - 5' |
| beta subunit | sliding clamp increases processivity (number of nucleotides added by dan polymerase per association with a template) |
| primosome | dna helicase and primers are physically bound to each other to form a complex |
| what forms the replisome | the primosome is physically associated with the dna polymerase holoenzyme |
| DNA polymerases can only synthesize DNA in the | 5' - 3' direction |
| A duplication is | the presence of an extra copy of a piece of chromosomal material |
| Which explanation for the loss of a terminal piece of a chromosome makes the most sense? | Only pieces of DNA with centromeres are correctly sorted into daughter nuclei during mitosis, Only pieces of DNA with telomeres are correctly sorted into daughter nuclei during mitosis. |
| What technique can be used to quickly identify large deficiencies | karyotype analysis |
| What chromosomal rearrangements would you expect to have the least phenotypic effect on the organism? | a paracentric inversion |
| Why are unaffected carriers of inversions likely to produce genetically abnormal progeny | Crossovers between the inversion and normal chromosomes lead to chromosomes with deletions, deficiencies, or abnormal structure. |
| Example of euploid individual | A plant of a new wheat species with twice the usual number of chromosomes |
| What might cause nondisjunction | failure of synapsis in meiosis 1 |
| An allotetraploid species | is likely to be able to produce viable gametes |
| Duplications tend to be less harmful than | deletions |
| Inversions tend to have | mild or no phenotypic consequences |
| Primosome + DNA polymerase = | replisome |
| Processing modification | the cleavage of large RNA transcript into smaller pieces, mostly non-structural genes |
| Splicing modification | involves both cleavage and joining of RNA molecules, transcript is cleaved at 2 sites (intron removed, remaining pieces reconnected) |
| 5' cap modification | the attachment of a m7G to the 5' end of mRNA |
| hybridization | DNA and RNA together |
| RNA functions as its own what in splicing | ribozyme |
| pre-mRNA | altered by splicing and other modifications, before it leaves nucleus. composed of several subunits known as snRNPs |
| Intron RNA is defined by | particular sequences within the intron and at the intro-exon boundaries |
| Intron advantage | two polypeptides can be derived from a single gene, this allows an organism to carry fewer genes |
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