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Micro Chapt 15
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the ability to cause disease in a host | Pathogenicity |
| a relative degree of pathogenicity | Virulence |
| most important cause of disease and most important factors relating to the eventual outcome of persons who are ill | host deficiencies |
| avenue by which a microbe gains access to the body | portal of entry |
| line the surface of the eye (conjunctiva), respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract | Mucous membranes |
| the easiest and most frequently used portal of entry fro pathogenic microbes | mucous membranes of the respiratory tract |
| examples of portal of entry | mucous membranes, skin, and "parenteral route" |
| microbes enter the body by means other than the digestive tract (i.e. bites, wounds, surgery, cuts, injections, etc.) | Parenteral route |
| a reaction to a toxin or other chemical | Toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS) |
| laboratory test that can detect even minute amounts of endotoxin; use horseshoe crabs' blood because of its gelling factor | Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay |
| surface molecules on the pathogen that bind specifically to complementary surface receptors on the cells of certain host tissues | Adhesins |
| complementary surface on the cells of certain host tissues that adhesins specifically bind to | receptors |
| mats of microbes that represent another method of adherence and are important because they resist disinfectants and antibiotics | biofilms |
| interfere with phagocytosis and increase the likelihood of microbial survival | Capsules |
| can form a bridge between the phagocyte and the bacterium so attachment occurs more easily, the microbe can then be engulfed and destroyed | anticapsular antibodies |
| bacterial enzymes which coagulate (clot) the fluid portion of blood (plasma) | Coagulases |
| enzymes which break down blood clots | bacterial kinases |
| this bacterial enzyme has been used to help people with heart attacks or strokes - however it can also contribute to the rapid spread of disease. | streptokinase |
| an enzyme which dissolves the cement-like material which holds cells together | Hyaluronidase |
| cement-like material that holds cells together | hyaluronic acid |
| an enzyme which breaks down the protein which forms the framework of muscles and several other tissues | Collagenase |
| destroys the protective IgA antibodies on mucous membranes | IgA protease |
| process through which microbes change the identifying markers on their surface | antigenic variation |
| identifying markers on microbes' surface | antigens |
| surface proteins produced by Salmonella that enable it to utilize the target cell's own cytoskeleton to bring bacteria into the cell | invasins |
| four basic ways a pathogen can damage host cells once it overcomes the host's defenses | using the host's nutrients; direct damage in the immediate vicinity of invasion; microbial toxins cause direct damage or damage sites far removed from invasion site; induce hypersensitivity reactions |
| proteins secreted by pathogens that take the iron away from iron-transport proteins by binding the iron even more tightly than the body's transport proteins | siderophores |
| poisonous substances that may be almost entirely responsible for the disease | toxins |
| proteins produced by some bacteria and released into the surrounding environment; heat labile; mostly gram positive; among the most lethal substances known | exotoxins |
| antibodies that inactivate exotoxins | antitoxins |
| exotoxins which kill host cells | cytotoxins |
| exotoxins which attack the nerves | neurotoxins |
| exotoxins that attack the intestine | enterotoxins |
| heat stable exotoxin | Staphylococcal enterotoxin |
| lipopolysaccharides produced by some bacteria and are a part of the outer cell wall; heat stable at high temperatures; usually gram negative | endotoxins |
| the active ingredient of endotoxin | lipid A |
| causes fever, weakness, aches, sometimes shock (severe hypotension), may induce miscarriage, may cause disorder of blood coalugation (DIC) | Endotoxins |
| severe hypotension | endotoxic shock |
| disorder of blood coagulation | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
| observable changes in infected cells that viruses can cause | cytopathic effects (CPE) |
| normal animal cells cease growing when they come close to another cell | contact inhibition |
| lack of a terminal hydrogen ion/electron acceptor from severe hypotension | shock at the cellular level |
| the way that the pathogen exits the body | portal of exit |
| coughing, sneezing, feces, urine, skin and wound drainage, blood, semen and vaginal secretions | Examples of portal of exit |
Created by:
hollieritter
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