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Micro Bug Parade 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| legionella sp. - basics | slender; gram- bacilli (stain poorly); need to use silver stain or fluorescent antibodies; need special growth media to make them grow (added iron, salts, cystine in buffered media)- BCYE agar (blood, charcoal, yeast, extract) |
| legionella pneumophilia | most commonly associated with human disease |
| legionella sp. - habitat | water-loving bacteria (heating towers, air conditioners, water, plumbing); soil; transmitted by aerosols, droplets |
| legionella sp. - virulence | opportunists; disease due to underlying factors (smoking, chronic lung disease, alcoholics, age); intracellular parasites; grow in alveolar macrophages and monocytes |
| legionella sp. - disease | range form mild flu to pneumonia; multisystem involvement; pontiac fever; legionaire's disease; imapred CMI or pulmonary function; predisposes to severe, life threatening disease |
| legionella sp. - diagonsis | fluorescent microscopy; culture with BCYE agar media; detect antigens (ELISA); serology: acute and convalescent titers |
| legionella sp. - treatment | erythromycin |
| legionella sp. - prevention | identify source and reduce risk |
| anaerobic gram- bacilli - habitat | bacteroides species are normal flora in intestine; bile tolerant gram- bacilli (bile sensitive) are normal flora in mouth URT, and female GI tract |
| b. fragilis - virulence | capsule; fimbriae; endotoxin (LPS); several enzymes (catalase, superoxide, dismutase, destructive enzymes) |
| anaerobic gram- bacilli - disease | b. fragilis is responsible for more infections caused by anaerobic gram- bacilli; wounds or ruptures of intestinal tract can result in infection of adjacent tissues; aspiration of oral flora can lead to pneumonia caused by anaerobes |
| anaerobic gram- bacilli - clinical syndromes | respiratory tract infections (pneumonia); brain abscess, intraabdominal infections (peritonitis), GI/pelvic infections, skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia |
| anaerobic gram- bacilli - diagnosis | gram stain; culture; biochemical identification |
| anaerobic gram- bacilli - treatment | surgery; antibiotics (drug resistance is a problem); beta lactam/beta lactamase inhibitor; metronidazole |
| mycobateria - basics | nonmotile; aerobic bacilli; form branches; slow growing |
| mycobacteria - physiology and structure | calssification baed on acid fast stain and presence of mycolic acid in cell wall; gram+ bacilli; peptides in out layer (PPD) |
| mycobacteria - classification | based on growth properties and colony morphology (slow growers >1wk and fast) (pigmented/non-pigmented) |
| runyan calssification | group1: pigment if grown in light (photochromogens); group2: pigment if grown in dark (scotochromogens); group3: no pigment/slow growers; group4: no pigment/fast growers |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis - habitat | human only host; trasmitted by droplet nuclei |
| mycobacterium TB - virulence factors | does not produce toxins; cell wall components - for factors can survive in phagocytic cells; much of tissue damage is due to host response |
| TB | spread through close contact with infected (droplet, nuclei); many people they don't know they have TB |
| primary TB | transmitted by droplet nuclei; highly infectious (10needed); alveolar macrophages become infected; CMI response in lungs, granuloma (tubercle) formation (macrophages, t lymph etc) |
| reactivation TB | bacilli are killed by host defense; small number of organisms survive in granulomas; disease can be reactive in elderly or with impaired CMI (HIV. etc); reaction is more severe, fatal if untreated |
| disseminated (miliary) TB | in some individuals the initial infection with m. tuberculosis is not contained; disseminated infection involving many organs results |
| TB - diagnosis | skin test with PPD (mantoux, tine); chest x-ray; lab id (acid-fast stain, culture, probes) |
| TB - treatment | multiple antibiotics for 6-9 months (DOTS); isoniazid, rifampin, pyazinamide; drug resistance is really bad |
| TB - prevention | chemoprophylaxis for 6-12mo after exposure; immunoprophylaxis (BCG vaccine) |
| mycobacterium leprae - leprosy | not highly contagious; frequent and prolonged contact required |
| tuberculoid - leprosy | mild, non-progrssive, superficial infection; usually heals spontaneously; few organisms in lesions; positive skin test or feather test |
| lepromatous - leprosy | sever form of disease; disfiguring; loss of peripheral nerve functions; many organisms in lesions; negative skin test |
| mycobacterium leprae - diagnosis | tissue biopsy; skin tests |
| mycobacterium leprae - treatment | dapsone, rifampin for at least 2 years |
| mycobacteriu avium-intracellulare (MAI) | ubiquitous and opportunist infections usually by oral route; infects patients with chronic bronchitis, emphysema (symptoms like TB); bigger problem with increased incidence of AIDS; resistant to most antibiotics |
| actinomycetes | large group of bacteria with characteristics of bacteria and fungi; form branches or filaments (hyphae); infections resemble fungal infections; prokaryotes - like bacteria includes actinomyces and nocardia |
| actinomyces - basics | anaerobic brnaching gram+ bacilli; normal flora of oropharynx, GI tract and female GU tract; a. israelii and a. viscosus normal flora of female GU tract |
| actinomyces - virulence | not very virulent (opportunists); can adhere to surfaces |
| actinomyces - taxonomy and habitat | anaerobic or microaerophilic, filamentous, branched gram+ bacilli; colonies form a molar tooth when grown on solid media |
| actinomyces - diseases | opportunists; cause disease when organisms get where they don't belong; actinomycocis: chronic granulomatous process with draining sinus tract |
| actinomyces - clinical syndromes | cervical facial infections "lumpy face"; thoracic infections (due to aspiration); abdominal infections (following trauma or bowel surgery); pelvic infections (secondary to abdominal infections, IUDs); CNS infections (secondary from other foci) |
| actinomyces - diagnosis | microscopy of tissue biopsy, culture takes weeks to grow; sulfur granules, gram staining - branching gram+ bacilli (won't stain with acid fast) |
| actinomyces - treatment | surgical debridement; penicillin or erythromycin |
| nocardia - basics | aerobic branching gram+ bacilli; found in soil, water; forms spores; cell wall contains mycolic acid (like TB, stains with acid fast) |
| nocardia - virulence | usually not very virulent (opportunists); compromised patients; patients on corticosteroids |
| nocardiosis | inhalation: pneumonia, can disseminate to other tissues; cutaneous infections: nodular abscesses in skin and soft tissues, sinuses and granules (mycetoma); sinus tracts can extend to deep muscle and bone |
| nocardia - diagnosis | microscopic appearance - "beaded" filaments; grow on appropriate media 7-10days; gram+, acid fast organisms, biochemical tests |
| nocardia - treatment | surgical debridement; early diagnosis important; sulfonamides |
Created by:
shellieschaf
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