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Chris Grey's Huge St
Exam2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The neostriatum is composed of ______. | Caudate, putamen |
| Paleostriatum receives most afferents from _____ and projects predominately to _____. | -Neostriatum -Thalamus |
| Substantia nigra affects the LMNs through its connections with ____. | Motor nucleus with reciprocal connections with neostriatum and paleostriatum |
| Pathology in the substantia nigra will result in _____ disease. | Parkinson’s |
| Decreased dopamine in neurons of substantia nigra results in _____. Into which of the two categories of basal nuclear lesions does this fall? | -Over excitation -Hypokenesia/hypertonia |
| Disorders of the basal nuclei usually fall into one of two categories. A) Name them B) Into which category does Parkinson’s fall? | A) Dyskinesia, hypotonia & hypokinesia, and hypertonia B) Hypokinesia and hypertonia |
| Choreiform movements would suggest a lesion in the ____. What other abnormality would likely accompany the chorea? | A) Basal nuclei B) Athetosis, Ballism, Abnormal speech |
| Consider the purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Their dendrites synapse with axons of the ____ cells and their axons synapse with ____ where they have an ____ influence. | -Climbing cells (granule cells) -Deep nuclei -Inhibitory |
| By which descending motor tract does the vestibulocerebellum affect: A) extra ocular nuclei? B) LMNs of the lumbosacral spinal cord? | A) Medial longitudinal fasciculus B) Lateral vestibulospinal |
| Name the functional lobe of the cerebellum described: Choose from: 1) Vestibulocerebellum 2) Spinocerebellum 3) Pontocerebellum A) Largely influences fine motor control B) Includes globose/emboliform nuclei C) Lesions likely result in nystagmus | A) 3Pontocerebellum B) 2Spinocerebellum C) 1Vestibulocerebellum D) 3Pontocerebellum E) 2Spinocerebellum F) 2Spinocerebellum |
| In the basic auditory pathway, the right dorsal cochlear nucleus projects to _____. These ascending fibers form the ____. | -R/L inferior colliculus -R/L lateral lemniscus |
| In the basic auditory pathway, the right medial geniculate receives afferents from the_____. | Right inferior colliculus |
| In the basic auditory pathway, the right lateral lemniscus carries fibers from the ____ nucleus. | R/L dorsal and ventral cochlear |
| What is the basis of organization in areas 41 and 42 of the cerebral cortex? | Tonotopic organization |
| Deafness in the right ear most likely results from a lesion located at the _____. | Ossicles, organ of corti, or the cochlea on the right |
| Which accessory auditory nucleus projects to the organ of corti? | Superior olive |
| Receptive aphasia is likely to result from a lesion in area ____ on the ____ side. | -22 -Left |
| Which retinal fields project to the left lateral geniculate? Darken in appropriate areas on the diagram. | Left side of both circles |
| Information from the maculae is represented on the ____ portion of the lateral geniculate and the ____ portion of area 17. | -Posterior -Posterior/lower |
| What is the likely site of a lesion producing the following areas of blindness? -Left side of left circle and right side of right circle | Optic chiasm(visual field blindness not retinal) |
| Expansion of a tumor of the pituitary may compromise the visual pathway. A) What are the most likely areas of visual blindness? B) Is the papillary light response normal? If not describe. | A) Tunnel vision, left and right side of two circles B) Light shown in right eye will make left eye constrict, while right eye remains the same |
| What is important about the lamellae of the outer segments of photoreceptor cells? | Contain rhodopsin(membrane bound visual pigment instead) /hyperpolarize |
| Bipolar neurons of the retina receive information from the ___ and project to the ____. | -Rods and a few cones (photoreceptor cells) -Ganglion cells |
| What visual deficits would likely result from interruption of the left parietal geniculocalcarine fibers? Darken the blind visual fields. | Lower right quad of both left and right eye (retinal field) Blindness in the right eye would most likely be caused by a lesion located where? Optic nerve of right eye |
| In general, the deep central nuclei of the cerebellum receive excitatory stimulation from ____ and inhibitory stimulation from ____. | -Afferent out of cerebellum -Purkinje |
| Vestibular nuclei communicate with the extra ocular nuclei via the_____. | Medial longitudinal fasciculus |
| In the pathway from conscious vestibular awareness, the vestibular nuclei project to____. | VPM nucleus of the thalamus |
| Fibers of the lateral lemniscus terminate on the ____. | Inferior colliculus |
| High frequency sounds cause maximal vibration of the ____ portion of the basilar membrane. | Basal |
| Which area of the basilar membrane vibrates maximally to low frequency sounds? | Apical |
| Ganglion cells of the retinal terminate on the: ____ in the pathway for pupillary light response. ____ in the pathway for conscious visual awareness. ____ to affect circadian rhythms. _____ for endocrine response to light. | -Superior colliculus -Lateral geniculate -Hypothalamus -Hypothalamus |
| Give two reasons why the fovea centralis is the area of highest visual acuity? | -Only cones with no vessels -No convergence |
| The left macular fields of both eyes are represented on the ____ cerebral cortex. | Left posterior calcarine gyrus |
| In general, the maculae are represented on the ____ portion of area 17. | Posterior |
| Which reticular nuclei are required for conjugate eye movements? | Gaze centers |
| Stimulation of area 8 of the left side will cause the eyes to move _____. | Right |
| Which two layers separate in a detached retina? | photoreceptive cells &pigmented epithelium of retina |
| The posterior portion of the left lateral geniculate projects to the____. | Posterior portion of area 17 |
| Fibers of the left temporal loop are damage. Darken in the blind visual fields. | Upper right quad of left and right circle(Visual field). |
| Which accessory auditory nucleus is required for the ability to discern distance and direction? | Superior olive |
| Describe the problem resulting from destruction of the left auditory association cortex. | Receptive aphasia—language is heard, but can’t be interpreted |
| Which functional lobe of the cerebellum is most closely associated with fine motor control? | Pontocerebellum |
| Via which descending motor tract does pontocerebellum affect the LMNs. | -Rubrospinal -Corticospinal |
| List the afferents to the right pontocerebellum. | -Contralateral Pontine nuclei -Contralateral Inferior olive -Contralateral Arcuate |
| Name the afferents to the left dentate nucleus. | -Left arcuate (right arcuate) -Inferior olive (right Inf olive) -Pontocerebellar (left pontocerebellar cortex) -(right pontine nuclei) |
| List the afferents to the left fastigial nucleus: A) from the brainstem B) from outside the CNS C) from within the cerebellum | A) Vestibular nuclei B) Vestibular apparatus C) Purkinje (from vestibulocerebellar cortex) |
| Coordination of head and eye movements is accomplished by communication between brainstem nuclei and the LMNs. Via which tracts are these connections made? | -Lateral vestibulospinal -Medial vestibulospinal -Medial longitudinal fasciculus -Reticular?(reticulospinal) |
| A person is unable to move any of the muscles of facial expression of the entire right side of the face. A) Where is the lesion? B) What other deficits may accompany the paralysis? | A) Damage to right facial nerve B) Left lower facial muscles would be affected and loss of taste to right anterior 2/3 of tongue |
| Explain how a brainstem lesion could result in an incomplete Horner’s syndrome. | Interruption of fibers descending from hypothalamus to preganglionic sympathetic. |
| A person presents with paralysis of the muscles of facial expression on the lower left side of the face. A) What is the most likely site of a lesion? B) What other motor deficit would be likely? C) What general sensory deficits, if any, would be possib | A) Cerebral cortex B) Possibly upper left and right facial muscles C) Loss of taste to right anterior 2/3 of tongue D) Send to ER |
| The vestibular nuclei project to the: ____via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. ____via the medial longitudinal fasciculus. | -Fastigial nucleus -Nuclei of CN III, IV, and VI |
| Vestibular nuclei receive afferents from: ____via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. ____via the medial longitudinal fasciculus. ____via the vestibular nerve (be very specific) | -Fastigial -Extra ocular nuclei -maculae—crista ampullaris |
| In general the right side of the spinocerebellum receives input from the ____ (R or L) side of the body and controls muscles on the ____ (R or L) side of the body. | -Right -Right |
| Symptoms of nystagmus and truncal ataxia would most likely suggest a lesion in the _____. | Vestibulocerebellum |
| T or F—Right sided hemiballismus suggests a lesion in the left subthalamic nucleus. | True |
| Inactivation of the ARAS nuclei in the midbrain would result in____. | Unconsciousness (coma) |
| In the ascending reticular activating system, what are the two major sources of input to the reticular nuclei? | -Dentate -Purkinje |
| The sensory epithelium of the semicircular canal is called what? | Crista ampullaris |
| In the basic auditory pathway, neurons of the left dorsal and ventral nuclei project to what? | Inferior colliculus—bilaterally |
| Which end of the organ of corti responds maximally to high frequencies? | Basal |
| The collateral auditory nucleus where information from both sides is first compared and contrasted is called ____. | Superior olivary nucleus |
| A lesion in what auditory portion of the CNS would likely result in receptive aphasia? | Auditory association area—left side |
| What is located within the laminae of the rod outer segment? | Rhodopsin |
| In the retina, the bipolar neuron receives input from ___ and projects to___? | -Rods and cones (photoreceptive cells) -Ganglion cells |
| The axon on what neuron forms the optic nerve? | Ganglion cells |
| The left retinal field projects to ____ (nucleus of the thalamus) and then projects to ____ (area of the cortex)? | -Left lateral geniculate -Area 17 |
| What lesion would account for bitemporal blindness? | Lesion in the optic chiasma |
| A person has complete interruption of the right optic tract. -What visual defects would be expected? -Would pupillary light responses be normal or abnormal? Why? | -Loss of left visual fields in both eyes -Normal, because there is a lot of decussation in the superior colliculus The afferent limb is the same as the basic visual pathway with the fibers terminating on SC. SC to pretectal; pretectal decussate pret |
| The superior colliculus receives fibers from: -which cortical area for voluntary control of eye movements? -where for pupillary light responses? -which cortical areas for visual fixation? | -Area 8 -Collaterals of optic tract -Areas 17, 18 and 19 |
| Give the brainstem nuclei described: 1. Motor to muscles of larynx and pharynx 2. Receives fibers from the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors 3. Fibers terminate on the pterygopalatine ganglion 4. Parasympathetic to the heart 5. Parasympathetic to the | |
| Give the brainstem nuclei described: 11. Receives gustatory afferents of the facial nerve 12. Parasympathetic fibers join CN IX 13. Parasympathetic fibers join the vagus nerve 14. Innervates the left medial rectus muscle 15. Ganglion cells of the ret | |
| The superior oblique muscle is innervated by fibers from which nucleus? | Contralateral trochlear nucleus |
| The nuclei of CNs III, IV, VI, VII all project to each other. These comprise what specific white structure? | Medial longitudinal fasciculus |
| In the pathway concerning the pupillary light reflex, the right pretectal nucleus projects to where? (nucleus and side) | Edinger-Westphal nucleus on both sides |
| Through which descending motor tracts does the spinocerebellum indirectly influence the lower motor neurons? | Rubrospinal tract and corticospinal tract |
| T or F Give a major function of the superior olivary nucleus. To sense from which direction a sound is coming. A person is able to close both eyes tightly, but is unable to move the left corner of the mouth. Describe the location of the most probable | |
| Mossy fibers are afferents to the cerebellar cortex which synapses on what cell and in which area of the cortex? | -Granular cell -Molecular layer |
| Truncal ataxia and nystagmus suggest a lesion where? | Flocculonodular lobe(???) |
| Which nucleus is located in the wall of the lateral ventricle? | Caudate nucleus |
| In the midbrain, the corticospinal fibers are located where? | Basis pedunculi—middle 1/3 |
| The sensory epithelium of the semicircular canal is called what? | Crista ampullaris |
| In the basic auditory pathway, neurons of the left dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei project to what? | Inferior colliculus, bilaterally |
| Which end of the Organ of Corti responds maximally to high frequencies? | Basal |
| The collateral auditory nucleus where information from both sides is first compared and contrasted is called _____. | Superior olivary nucleus |
| A lesion in what auditory portion of the CNS would likely result in receptive aphasia? | Auditory association area 22, left side |
| What is located within the laminae of the outer segment of the rod? | Rhodopsin |
| In the retina, the bipolar neuron receives input from ____ and projects to _____. | -Rods and cones -Ganglion cells |
| The axon of what neuron forms the optic nerve? | Ganglion cells |
| The left retinal field projects to which nucleus of the thalamus? To which area of the cortex? | -Left lateral geniculate -Area 17 |
| What lesion would account for bi-temporal blindness? | A lesion in the optic chiasma |
| A person has complete interruption of the right optic tract. What visual defects would be expected? Would pupillary light responses be normal or abnormal? Why? | -Left lateral and right medial visual fields -Normal, there is a lot of decussation in superior colliculus(????doesn’t reach SC) |
| The superior colliculus receives fibers from which cortical area for: A) Voluntary control of eye movements? B) For pupillary light responses? C) Cortical areas for visual fixation? | -Area 8 -Collaterals of optic tract -Principally areas18,19 (visual association cortex) |
| Give the brainstem nuclei described: A) Motor to muscles of the larynx and pharynx B) Receives fibers from the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors C) Fibers terminate on the pterygopalatine ganglion D) Parasympathetic to the heart E) Parasympathetic to | A) Nucleus ambiguous B) Caudal nucleus solitarius C) superior salivatory nucleus D) Nucleus ambiguous E) Edinger-Westphal nucleus F) Left occulomotor nucleus G) Right abducens nucleus H) Rostral nucleus solitarius |
| Give the brainstem nuclei described: I) Project to the spinal cord as the lateral vestibulospinal tract J) Parasympathetics to the small intestine K) Receives gustatory afferents of the facial nerve L) Parasympathetic fibers join CN IX M) Parasympath | I) Lateral vestibular nuclei J) Dorsal motor nucleus of CN X K) Rostral nucleus solitarius L) Inferior salivatory nucleus M) Nucleus ambiguous N) Left occulomotor nucleus O) Lateral geniculate bodies P) Ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei |
| The superior oblique muscle is innervated by fibers from which nucleus? | Contralateral trochlear nucleus |
| The nuclei of CNs III, IV, VI, VIII all project to each other. These comprise what specific white structure? | Medial longitudinal fasciculus |
| In the pathway concerning the pupillary light reflex, the right pretectal nucleus projects to ____ (nucleus and side). | Edinger-Westphal nucleus on both sides |
| Through which descending motor tracts does he spinocerebellum indirectly influence the lower motor neurons? | Rubrospinal tract and corticospinal tract |
| T or F: A) As a result of a conformation change in the visual pigment, the plasma membrane of the photoreceptive cell depolarizes? B) The left visual field projects to the right lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus? C) The destination of most af | A) False, hyperpolarizes B) True C) True D) True |
| E) The substantia nigra projects to the neostriatum where dopamine is released? F) The paleostriatum is located in the diencephalon and has reciprocal connections with the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus? G) The red nucleus contains lower motor | E) True F) True G) False H) True |
| T or F: I) All motor nuclei of CNs receive ipsilateral corticobulbar fibers? J) The nasal visual fields are spared in a retro-chiasmal lesion? K) Ptosis with pupillary dilation results from a CN II lesion? L) The medial and lateral vestibulospinal tra | I) False, facial motor receives contralateral corticobulbar fibers J) False K) False, a sympathetic lesion or may be seen in anhydrosis L) False, lateral extends to all levels while the medial only extends to the cervical M) False, facilitates flexo |
| Give a major function of the superior olivary nucleus? | To sense which direction sound is coming from |
| A person is able to close both eyes tightly, but is unable to move the left corner of the mouth. Describe the location of the most probably cortical lesion. | Lower part of right facial nerve |
| Mossy fibers are afferents to the cerebellar cortex which synapse on what cell and in which layer of the cortex? | -granular cell -molecular layer |
| Truncal ataxia and nystagmus suggest a lesion where? | Flocculonodular lobe |
| Which nucleus is located in the wall of the lateral ventricle? | Caudate nucleus |
| In the midbrain, the corticospinal fibers are located where? | Basis pedunculi—middle 1/3 |
| The rostral portion of the nucleus solitarius is involved in what pathway?...and therefore receives afferents via which cranial nerves? | -Taste -7,9,10 |
| Muscles of the larynx and pharynx are controlled by which nucleus? Located where? | -Nucleus ambiguous -Upper medulla |
| The inferior salivatory nucleus is the site of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers which are motor to what? | Parotid gland, CN 9 |
| Which descending motor tract generally functions to facilitate extensors and inhibit flexors? | Vestibulospinal tract |
| In general, corticobulbar fibers from the left cortex influence lower motor neurons located where? | The brainstem, bilaterally |
| In general, the posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus stimulate which division of the ANS? | Parasympathetics |
| Where will information from the macula be located in the primary visual cortex? | Posterior 1/3 of the visual cortex |
| In general, the cerebellar cortex projects to which nucleus?...and its affect is____. | -Deep nucleus -Inhibitory |
| Give three major sources of afferents to the neostriatum? | -Cortex -Substantia nigra -Thalamus |
| The deep cerebellar nucleus associated with the pontocerebellum is the ____ nucleus. | Dentate |
| What is the most likely result of a destructive lesion in area 22? | Receptive aphasia |
| Name the three specific cortical areas from which the majority of the corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers originate. | -Areas 3,1,2 -Area 4 -Area 6 |
| Most climbing fibers have their nerve cell bodies in which nucleus? | Inferior olivary nucleus |
| In general, descending motor fibers terminate where in the spinal cord? | -Lamina 7 & 8 (dorsal horn) -Lamina 9 (ventral horn) |
| Corticobulbar fibers are located in which part of the internal capsule? | Genu |
| Violent, spontaneous, flailing movements of the right extremities is suggestive of a lesion in which nucleus? | Left subthalamic nucleus |
| With one exception, the purkinje cells project where?...where is their stimulus? | -Deep nucleus(some bypass fastigial) -Inhibitory |
| General sensation from the right side of the body is relayed to which side of the cerebellum? | Right |
| The right side of the cerebellum affects muscles on which side? | Right |
| The right dentate nucleus projects where? | - Left red nucleus (- left Ventral Lateral Nucleus of the thalamus) |
| Other than corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers, the right basis pedunculus contains fibers from the cortex which terminate where? | In the pons |
| Name the cortex or nucleus that: A) Projects to globose/emboliform B) Generally facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors C) Receives afferents from the fastigial nucleus | -Spinocerebellar tracts and purkinje fibers -Spinocerebellar tracts and purkinje fibers (Spinocerebellumàred nucleusà rubospinal tractà LMN) -The lateral vestibular nucleus (Ipsilateral reticular & vestibular Nuclei) Lateral Vestibular Nuclei facilita |
| There is destructive lesion in the right temporal lobe which destroys the temporal geniculocalcarine fibers. What portion of the visual field would be blind? | The upper left quadrant |
| When a light is shone into the right eye neither pupil responds, but when it is shone into the left eye both pupils constrict. Where is the problem? | Optic nerve lesion in right eye before decussation |
| You observe a person with drooping of the right side of the mouth and inability to close the right eyelid. What is your best initial hypothesis? | A lesion involving the peripheral right facial motor nucleus |
| Give the afferents to the dentate nucleus. | -Arcuate nucleus -Inferior olivary nucleus -Pontine nucleus -Purkinje cells |
| Fibers from the carotid body and carotid sinus terminate where? | Caudal part of nucleus solitarius |
| Which nucleus in the medulla is the site of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers associated the innervation of the small intestine smooth muscle? | Dorsal motor nucleus of CN X (vagus) |
| Via which descending motor pathways does the vestibulocerebellum affect the lower motor neurons of the spinal cord? | -(Lateral) Vestibulospinal -Medial vestibulospinal -Medial longitudinal fasiculus -Reticulospinal |
| The fastigial nucleus receives input from what? | Purkinje cells, vestibular nuclei, and nerves(& Vestibular Apparatus) |
| Stimulation of the right area 8 (as in seizure) would result in what? | Deviation of the eyes to the left |
| What signs or symptoms would be expected with a lesion in: A) Left auditory association cortex? B) Right Organ of Corti? C) Right primary auditory cortex? | A)Receptive aphasia B) Loss of hearing in the right ear C) Decrease in the hearing levels of both ears |
| D) Abducens nucleus? E) Right facial nerve? F) Right vestibulocochlear nucleus? G) Right trigeminal nucleus? H) Subthalamus? | D) Inability to abduct eye on same side E) Paralysis of all muscles of facial expression on right, decreased salivation and taste on anterior 2/3 of the tongue F) Hearing loss on right, dizziness G) Loss of sensation to face and motor function to muscl |
| I) Left frontal eye field? J) Right superior temporal gyrus? K) Left superior temporal gyrus? L) Right optic nerve? | I) Deviation of the eyes to the left J) Decreased hearing in both ears K) Receptive aphasia L) Loss of visual field in right eye and loss of consensual light reflex in the left eye |
| In general, the lower motor nuclei of CNs receive afferents equally bilaterally from the cortex. Give two exceptions. | -Lower ½ of CN VII -Hypoglossal (mostly contralateral) |
| Vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, or pontocerebellum? A) Dentate nucleus B) Globose/emboliform nucleus C) A lesion may result in nystagmus | A)Pontocerebellum B) Spinocerebellum C) Spinocerebellum (Vestibulocerebellum) |
| D) Very important in control of fine motor activity E) Important in coordinating large motor activities such as walking F) The largest portion in the human cerebellum | D) Vestibulocerebellum (pontocerebellum) E) Pontocerebellum(Spinocerebellum) F) Spinocerebellum (pontocerebellum) |
| G) Equivalent to the archicerebellum H) Has a significant effect on the primary motor cortex I) Affects the lower motor neuron via the medial longitudinal fasciculus | G) Pontocerebellum (vestibulocerebellum) H) Vestibulocerebellum( Pontocerebellum & spinocerebellum) I) Pontocerebellum & spinocerebellum(vestibulocerebellum) |
| Vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, or pontocerebellum? J) Receives general sensory data from the body and head K) Termination of the spinocerebellar tracts L) Receives afferents from wide areas of the cerebral cortex | J) Vestibulocerebellum (Spinocerebellum) K) Pontocerebellum (spinocerebellum) L) Vestibulocerebellum & Spinocerebellum (pontocerebellum) |
| M) Termination of the spinocerebellar tracts N) Receives general sensory data from the body and head O) Efferents project to the red nucleus | M) Pontocerebellum (spinocerebellum) N) Spinocerebellum O) Spinocerebellum |
| P) Most of the neocerebellum Q) Receives information from the vestibular apparatus R) Is comprised mostly of the flocculonodular lobe | Q) Pontocerebellum (vestibulocerebellum) R) Vestibulocerebellum S) Vestibulocerebellum (no question) |
| The output of the cerebellar cortex is via ____ and project to the ____ nucleus. | -Purkinje cells -Deep |
| The posterior part of the left visual cortex receives information from what? | Upper and lower left macular fields |
| The upper right retinal field of both eyes project to where? | Medial anterior portion of the (right) lateral geniculate (and or)( middle of superior portion of right occipital lobe) |
| Which deep cerebellar nucleus projects (indirectly via the red nucleus and thalamus) to the motor and premotor areas of the cerebral cortex? | Dentate nucleus |
| Most anterior corticospinal fibers terminate where? | Laminae 7, 8, 9 (dorsal horn) |
| The red nucleus receives cerebellar afferents from what two structures? | -Dentate nucleus -Rubrospinal |
| First order pain fibers from the right side of the head terminate where? | Right nucleus of spinotrigeminal tract |
| What relays information from the red nucleus, corticospinal, and corticobulbar tracts to the pontocerebellum? | Inferior olivary nucleus |
| What descending ipsilateral motor pathway is located in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord and originates in the central reticular nuclei? | Reticulospinal |
| The arcuate nucleus is located in ____, receives information from ____, and projects to ____. | -Pyramids -Corticospinal -Pontocerebellum |
| The nerve cell body of the first order proprioceptive fiber from the head is located where? | Mesencephalic nucleus |
| The first order neuron innervating the carotid body terminates in which nucleus? | Nucleus solitarius |
| The expanded terminus of the mossy fiber is called the ____ and synapses with dendrites of ____ cells? | -Glomerulus -Granular |
| What fibers are located in the lateral basis pendunculi? | Parietotemporal pontine |
| In general, all afferents to the cerebellum terminate where? | Cortex and deep nucleus |
| Afferents from the inferior olivary nucleus are called ____, while most other afferents are called ____. | -Climbing fibers -Mossy fibers |
| Corticobulbar fibers originating on the right cortex project to motor neurons where and on what side? | In the cervical region on the left |
| Pressure in the optic nerve will first affect what? | Artery and venous return of the retina |
| What is the name given to the mass of decussating fibers in the auditory pathway? | Trapezoid body |
| Vestibular nuclei project to which nuclei of the brainstem via the medial longitudinal fasiculus? | -Abducens -Trochlear -Occulomotor |
| Where is the cortex for conscious vestibular awareness? | Primary motor cortex, areas 4 & 6 |
| Which two layers of the retina separate in a detached retina? | -Photoreceptive cells and pigmented epithelium |
| Ganglion cells of the right retinal fields project to where? | Right lateral geniculate with collaterals to hypothalamus and superior colliculus |
| Give two major sources of afferents to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus. | -Paleostriatum -Pontocerebellum |
| What descending motor tract originates in the medial vestibular nucleus and is important in the maintenance of equilibrium? | Medial vestibulospinal tract |
| The temporal loop fibers carry information from which retinal fields? | Bilateral inferior temporal retinal field |
| The gaze centers coordinate what type of eye movement? | Conjugate movement |
| Hemiballismus on the right results from a lesion where? | Left subthalamic nucleus |
| In general, dyskinesia and hypotonia would be characteristic of a lesion where? | Basal nuclei |
| When are the sensory hair cells of the macula excited? | When bent forward towards cilium |
| In the pathway for conscious vestibular awareness, the vestibular nuclei project where? | VPM of thalamus |
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