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Micro Bug Parade 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| escherichia coli - pathogenesis and immunity | adhesins (pili, fimbriae); lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin); exotoxins (heat stable, heat labile) |
| escherichia coli - epidemiology | everywhere; normal flora in GI tract; transient on skin; some normal flora in animals causes most hospital acquired infections; bacteremias, neonatal meningitis, etc (also causes travelers diarrhea) |
| gasteroenteritis - ETEC | entertoxigenic e. coli; over 50% of traveler's diarrhea; #1 cause of infant death in 3rd world countries; associated with contaminated food and water; cholera-like syndrome: profuse watery diarrhea and cramps; exotoxins stimulate secretion and fluid loss |
| gasteroenteritis - EHEC | enterohemorrhagic e. coli; most associated with undercooked beed; severe abdominal cramping; bloody diarrhea (fresh blood); antibiotics don't help; hemolytic-wremic syndrome (anemia, renal failure, loss of platelets, can be fatal); shinga-like toxin |
| gasteroenteritis - EIEC | enteroinvasive e. coli; contaminated food and water; tissue invasion; shinga-like toxin; destroys colon epithelium |
| gasteroenteritis - EPEC | enteropathogenic e. coli; contaminated food and water; self-limiting mucous diarrhea (WBC); adhesin molecules help bacteria to attach and damage intestinal microvilli |
| salmonella - adapted to human host | s. typhi, s. paratyphi; oral/fecal infection; transmission by carriers; pathogens: cause invasive disease |
| salmonella - adapted to animal host | can infect humans; s. enteriditis, s. saint paul; infection from contaminated water or food; opportunists (cause self-limiting diarrhea); may be dangerous in immunocompromised patients |
| salmonella typhi - pathogenesis and imunity | bacteria are ingested (10million needed); attach and invade cells of GI tract |
| salmonella typhi - clinical syndromes | enteritis/bacteremia: symptoms within 2 days, last 1 week; nausea, watery diarrhea, crams, headache; enteric fever (typhoid fever): symptoms after 10-14days; 10-15%fatality if untreated (need antibiotic); asymptomatic carriers:1-5% of cases (typhoid mary) |
| shigella | humans only host; oral/fecal contamination of food/water; 200bacteria needed; organism produces exotoxins (kills cells lining colon wall, cramps, fever, bloody diarrhea, dysentery); must treat with antibiotics; important to determine source of infection |
| yersinia | gram- bacilli; causing variety of syndromes |
| yersinia pestis | plague (black death; from animal hosts and fleas |
| yersinia enterocolitica | enteric pathogen from animals/fish; causes diarrhea in kids (shiga-like toxin) |
| yersinia pseudotuberculosis | enteric pathogen form wild animals/birds; causes appendicitis-like symptoms |
| yerinia virulence factors | capsule (protein); intracellular survival; endotoxin; exotoxin; coagulase; fibrinolysin |
| y. pestis - bubonic plague | fever develops within 1 week after flea bite; bubos: painful swelling of lymph nodes in groin or axilla; black death: caused by bacteremia subcutaneous hemorrhages that darken skin; 75%mortality if untreated; treat with streptomycin |
| y. pestis - pneumonic plague | spread through aerosols, inhaled bacteria multiply in the lungs; highly contagious and lethal fever and malaise within 2 days; >90%die if untreated; treat with streptomycin |
| yersinia enterocolitica | cause GI disease; signs and symptoms similar to salmonella and camplyoblacter; disease transmitted from animals; contaminated food or water; antibiotics usually not necessary |
| other enterobacteriaceae opportunists | klebsiella: causes pneumonia in alcoholics; proteus: urinary infections and kidney stones; enterobacter, citrobacter, morganella, and serratia; nosocomial infection in immunocompromised; antibiotic resistance is a problem |
| opportunistic infections 1 | all enterobacteriaceae can cause opportunistic or nosocomial infections; most are normal flora in GI tract; can cause disease when introduced to other body sites; infections may cause bacteremia, septic shock |
| opportunistic infections 2 | klebsiella and other enterbacteriaceae may reside in URT as normal flora; may increase in numbers; cause pneumonia if other normal flora are diminished |
| UTI | all enteric bacilli that reside as normal flora in GI tract can cause UTIs; women prone due to short urethra; 80% are caused by e. coli |
| extraintestional disease | bacteremia (septicemia): usually originates form other infections; UTI: ascending or descending; neonatal meningitis: from mother at birth |
| enterbacteriaceae - diagnosis | culture; biochemical identification; serological classification |
| enterbacteriaceae - prevention | identify source of infection; break chain of infection; vaccine for s. typhi, y. pestis |
| enterbacteriaceae - treatment | need to determine antibiotic susceptibility; not always necessary to treat |
| vibrios | small, curved, gram- bacilli; oxidase+; have polar flagellum; require alkaline and saline containing media for growth in lab; v. cholera, v. parahemolyticus are common species in human disease |
| v. cholera - habitat | human intestinal tract normal reservoir; in contaminated freshwater pool, sand estuaries in asia, middle east, europe, coastal areas of south-central-north america |
| v. parahemolyticus - habitat | found as free-living organism; require salt; inhabits estuaries and coastal waters worldwide; contaminated raw oysters, clams, etc... |
| vibrios - virulence factors | pili and adhesins (v. cholera does not invade tissue but adheres to the gut); cholera toxin: causes prolonged hyper excretion of water and electrolytes; other species: adhesins, cytotoxins, etc |
| v. cholera - disease | infections range from asymptomatic colonization to life-threating vomit and copious, watery stools flecked with mucous and epithelial cells (rice-water stools); causes pandemic disease (plague) |
| vibrio species - disease | infections range from gastroenteritis to skin, wound, and soft-tissue infections |
| vibrious - treatment and control | rehydrate patient and antibiotics (tetracycline); sanitation measures, cook food, don't drink contaminated water, cholera vaccine (not very effective); diagnosis: microscope (darkfield) |
| campylobacter - taxonomy | c. jejuni (gastroenteritis, most common); c. coli (gastroenteritis); c. fetus (systemic infection) |
| campylobacter - epidemiology | comma shaped; gram- bacilli; common cause of bacterial diarrhea in US (c. jejune); contaminated food, water, chicken |
| campylobacter - infections | mainly diarrhea (mucous, 10 stools/day); fever; severe cramping; lasts a week |
| campylobacter - treatment | self-limiting; antibiotics not needed; supportive care is sufficient |
| campylobacter - diagnosis | microscope - darkfield |
| campylobacter - pathogenesis | opportunists; ingested campylobacter reach ileum, adhere and burrow into mucosa; within week, bloody diarrhea results; several toxins; severity of disease depends on # of bugs, lack of gastric acid (acid pH kills bugs), health of patient |
| helicobacter pylori - habitat | humans main host; don't know how become infected; inhabit the mucous that coats the stomach epithelium |
| helicobacter pylori - growth and metabolism | microaerophilic spiral shaped bacteria; highly motile; produce large amounts of urease (^pH); difficult to culture in lab; several stomach biopsies need for diagnosis; difficult to prove they're there |
| helicobacter pylori - virulence factors | urease enables bug to survive by raising pH around them; adherence factors, motility, and mucinase all associated with virulence |
| helicobacter pylori - disease | associated with gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and stomach cancer; h. pylori can be found in human stomach (stomach is usually sterile); some people have no symptoms |
| helicobacter pylori - diagnosis/treatment | stomach biopsy; special silver stain; urease test (fastest way); treated with one or more antibiotics (clarithromycin - a macrolide) |
Created by:
shellieschaf
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