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Micro Bug Parade 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| erysipelothrix | gram+; non-spore forming rods; seen in animals and environment; disease: erysipeloid (esp in people who handle animals or fish), skin infection (red, itching, burning lesions that usually go away on their own) |
| corynebacteria | club shaped;gram+ rods;catalase+;non-spore forming;aerobic or facultative anaerobes;grow quickly in most media;special media(tellurite);inhibits other bacteria;corynebacteria form gray/black colonies;biotypes(gravis, intermedius mitts):look different |
| corynebacteria diphtheria - virulence | endotoxin: carried by bacteriophage, blocks protein synthesis; both local and systemic: respiratory (pseudomembrane), cutaneous diphtheria (ulcerations), systemic (heart, nervous system, death) |
| diphtheria - epidemiology | humans only known reservoir; throat and skin; transmission: respiratory droplets, infected skin, fomites are important in epidemics; not much of a problem because of immunization |
| respiratory diphtheria | abrupt onset, low grade fever, sore throat; development of pseudomembrane on tonsils; possible myocarditis and neurological symptoms; suffocation can occur die to pseudomembrane |
| cutaneous diphtheria | chronic non-healing ulcers; associated with staph auerus and group A strep |
| diphtheria - diagnosis | clinical diagnosis; throat culture on special media; immunodiffusion text for toxin production |
| diphtheria - treatment | antitoxin for acute cases; penicillin or erythromycin |
| diphtheria - prevention | immune with DTap or TDap vaccine |
| opportunists diphtheroids | c. urealyticum: UTIs, kidney stones; c. jeikeium: iv catheters, blood stream infections, endocarditis, antibiotic resistance is a problem |
| arcanobacterium | gram+; "secretive hemolytic bacterium"; infects older patients; causes symptoms similar to strep throat; treated with penicillin or erythromycin |
| clostridia species | gram+ bacilli; only spore-forming anaerobe; c. perfringens, c. botulinum, c. tetani, c. difficile |
| clostridia - habitat | normal intestinal flora of humans and animals; form spores and can survive in external environment (soil, etc.); infections come form either endogenous or exogenous (environmental sources) |
| clostridia | c. perfringens: gas gangrene, food poisoning; c. botulinum: food poisoning, infant botulism; c. tetani: tetnus (lockjaw); c. diffcile: diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis |
| c. prefringens - virulence | alpha and beta toxin (necrotizing); epsilon toxin (permeability); enterotxin (causes diarrhea); gas production; others (hemolysin, leukocidin, collagenase, hyaluronidase) |
| c. prefringens - gas gangrene | deep wound contaminated with spores; damaged or dead tissue provides anaerobic environment needed for spore growth; tissue necrosis caused by entoxoins by c. perfringens organisms; toxins diffuse, killing neighboring tissue, enabling infection to spread |
| clostridia - diagnosis | clinical signs; gram stain; culture |
| clostridia - treatment | surgery (debridement, amputation); antibiotics (penicillin); hyperbaric oxygen |
| clostridia - prevention and control | proper wound care; prophylactic antibiotics |
| c. prefringens - food poisoning | mostly in 3rd world countries; caused by meat contaminated with spores; spores germinate in improperly cooked/stored meat; ingested meat contains many bacteria; enterotoxin caused short-lived abdominal pain and diarrhea |
| c. botulinum - virulence | botulinum toxin (types A-G); most potent toxin known to man; prevents release of acetylcholine form nerve endings; causes flaccid paralysis; used by plastic surgeon to remove wrinkles |
| c. botulinum - food poisoning | associated with poorly prepared or canned foods that have been contaminated with spores; spores grow producing botulinum toxin; toxin prevents release of acetylcholine; ingestion results in neurological symptoms;death can result from respiratory paralysis |
| infant botulism | occurs when infants ingest c. botulinum spores; spores germinate in infant's intestine and produce toxins (can't happen in adults); symptoms same as already described; honey has been implicated as a source of spores |
| c. botulinum - diagnosis | clinical signs and symptoms; presence of toxin in food |
| c. botulinum - treatment | ventilator support; gastric lavage; antitoxin |
| c. botulinum - prevention | heat foods to destroy toxin |
| tetanus (lockjaw) | rare in developed countries (immunizations); results from puncture wounds with c. tetani spores; tetanus occurs if site is anaerobic and spore able to germinate; secreted toxin causes muscle contraction (spastic paralysis); respiratory paralysis death |
| tetanus - diagnosis | clinical signs |
| tetanus - treatment | surgery (debridement); antitoxin/tetanus vaccine; antibiotics (metronidazole) |
| clostridium difficle - virulence | toxin A: enterotoxin causes intestinal inflammation, fluid secretion and hemorrhagic necrosis (bloody diarrhea); toxin B: cytotoxin causes destruction of intestinal epithelium (toxin can be detected in stool of patient with c. difficile disease |
| pseudomembranous colitis | antibiotic therapy disrupts normal intestinal flora; patients may get antibiotic-associated diarrhea; bloody diarrhea and sever inflammation of intestinal mucosa (pseudomembrane and micro abscesses) |
| pseudomembranous colitis - diagnosis | clinical signs; isolation of microorganisms; detection of toxin in stool |
| pseudomembranous colitis - treatment | stop antibiotic that caused problem; treat for c. difficile (metronidazole, vancomycin) |
| pseudomembranous colitis - prevention | difficult, if not impossible care in use of antimicrobials; aggressive disinfection of hospital room |
| airborne | sneezing and coughing can transmit microorganisms in a fine spray from one host to the respiratory passage of a second host |
| streptococcal pneumonia | colonization and migrative (endogenous source or droplets, opportunist); virulence factos (capsule, enzymes, pneumolysin, preoteases); tissue distrucuture (host inflammatory response, chills, fever, rapid breathing, chest pain) |
| streptococcus pneumoniae - virulence factors | polysaccharide capsule; more than 80 antigenically different types; some more virulent than others; anti capsular antibodies are protective; vaccine: contains capsular polysaccharides from 23 serotypes, conjugated vaccine for children |
| s. pneumoniae treatment | penicillin; erythromycin resistance becoming a problem |
| enterococci | normal residents of GI tract and vagina; gram+; bile tolerant (can live in GI tract); opportunists; nosocomial infections; e. faecalis, e. faecium |
| enterococcal infections | UTIs; wound infections; bacteremia; endocarditis |
| problems associated with enterococcal disease | antibiotic resistance: relative intrinsic resistance to macrolides and cephalosporins, increasing resistance to aminoglycosides and penicillin, vaccomycin resistance strains (VRE) |
| other catalos-/gram+ cocci | group D non-enterococci: s. bovis (normal flora of GI tract), s. bovis endocarditis associated with colon cancer, treated with penicillin or beta-lactams |
| enterobacteriaeceae | large heterogenous group; only 10 are medically important: citrobacter, proteus, enterbacter, salmonella, escherichia, serratia, klebsiella, shingella, morganella, yersinia |
| enterobacteriaeaceae - habitat | GI tract of humans and animals; soil, water, and vegetation contaminated by feces |
| enterobacteriaeceae - growth | facultative anaerobes: grow readily on a variety or media with generation tome of 12-18mins |
| enterobacteriaeceae - metabolism | MacConkey agar with bile salts is used as a selective media for the recovery of gram- enteric organisms; inclusion of lactose and pH dependent dye allows differentiation into lactose fermenters and lactose non-fermenters |
| enterobacteriaeceae - virulence factors | fimbriae (attachment); capsule (anti-phagocytic); antigenic phase variation (evades antibodies); exotoxins (secreted protein toxin); endotoxin (LPS); antimicrobial resistance |
Created by:
shellieschaf
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