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Micro Bug Parade 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neisseria - taxonomy | aerobic; gram- diplococci; pathogenic strains have capsules (meningococcal); many human species exist; human pathogens: n. gonorrheae, n. meningitidis |
| neisseria - habitat | n. gonorrhoeae (gonococcus): infect genital tract, sexually transmitted organism; n. meningitidis: colonize URT, transmitted by respiratory droplets or aerosols |
| neisseria - growth and metabolism | fastidious: requires complex, enriched media for growth in lab; do not survive long outside the host; killed by drying, light, or cold |
| neisseria - antigenic structure | n. gonorrhoeae: surface structure has not proven useful for vaccine, pilus proteins are being looked at; n. meningitidis: capsule antigens used to divide species into several serogroups, most human disease caused by: ABC, W135XYZ; vaccine for A, C, W135,Y |
| neisseria - virulence factors | both: pili (attachment to traget epithelial cells), LPS (endotoxin induces inflammation), outer membrane proteins (adhesins), IgA protease (destroys secretory IgA); meningococci: polysaccharide capsule (antiphagocytic) |
| niesseria gonorrhoeae | causes gonorrhea (most prevalent STD); means "flow of seed"; male: urethritis,, purulent urethral discharge; females: cervicitis, salpingitis (PID), etc (asymptomatic); other: conjunctivitis, arthritis, neonatal blindness, pharyngitis |
| gonorrhea symptoms | males: urethritis, dysuria, purulent discharge; females: vaginal discharge, dysuria, abdominal pain |
| n. gonorrhoeae epidemiology | humans are only host (reservoir); highest in adolescents (20%males; %50females); reservoir: asymptomatic infected persons |
| n. gonorrhoeae - lab diagnosis | gram stain (usefull in diagnosing males); culture (selective media); identification genetic proves (sensitive, rapid results); serology (not very helpful) |
| n. gonorrhoeae - treatment, prevention, control | use cephalosporin or quinolone; treatment should cover chlamydial infections (doxycycline); treat newborns to prevent eye infections |
| n. meningitidis | causes meningitis; bacteria reside in nasopharynx (may colonize or cause disease); transmitted by respiratory droplets; spread through blood (bacteremia), petechiae may be seen on limbs, various organs may be come infected (lungs, joints, UI tract, skin) |
| n. meningitidis symptoms | meningitis (headache, stiff neck, fever, vomiting); meningococcemia (bacteremia); petechiae (small hemorrhages on skin), shock (DIC); others: pneumonia, arthritis, urethritis |
| n. meningitidis epidemiology | humans only host; most infections in late winter/early spring; reservoir consists of asymptomatic carriers; most common cause of bacterial meningitis; children 1-4, young adults are highest risk; 100% mortality rate if untreated; less then 10% if treated |
| n. meningitidis lab diagnosis | gram stain of CSF; sample culture on selective media; rapid tests for antigens in CSF |
| n. meningitidis treatment | penicillin; if sensitive cephalosporins or chloramphenicol |
| n. meningitidis prevention | prophylactic treatment of exposed persons; vaccine (protects against A, C, W135, Y) |
| moraxella | common of URT; small aerobe or faculative anaerobe; susceptible ro drying, cold, sunlight, pH; require enriched media and high CO2 to grow |
| moraxella - symptoms | causes sinusitis and middle ear infections in children; cause bronchitis and pneumonia in the elderly and those with immune deficiencies; 50% are penicillin-resistant; cause problems in patients getting beta-lactam antibiotics |
| bacillus species | ubiquitious group of organisms; found in soil; gram+ spore formers; facultative anaerobes; 2 species of medial improtance (bacillus antracis, bacillus cereus) |
| bacillus anthracis | causes anthrax; primarily disease of herbivores; spores found world-wide in soil; human infection rare in US; exodus - anthrax was 5th plague |
| anthrax epidemiology | animal reservoir; contaminated animal hides; cutaneous anthrax; inhalation fo spores (woolsorer's disease); eating contaminated meat |
| anthrax virulence factors | polypeptide capsule; antrax toxin; causes edema, cell death |
| cutaneous antrax | most common form of anthrax, spores deposited underneath skin; spores germinate and release toxin; toxin -> necrosis |
| inhalation anthrax | woolsorter's disease; spores inhaled -> phagocytosed -> toxin produced -> asphyxiation (lethal) |
| gastrointestinal anthrax | least common; tissue necrosis; bloody diarrhea |
| anthrax - diagnosis | gram stain of organisms; medusa head colonies when cultured; immune assay for presence of toxin |
| anthrax - treatment | ciprofloxacin; penicillin; erthromycin |
| anthrax - control | vaccinate animals; vaccinate humans who are at risk (toxoid) |
| bacillus cereus | causes food borne illness; emetic (1-5hrs after ingestion); heat-stable enterotoxin (causes vomiting); acts like staph toxin; rice is common source; diarrheal toxin(6-18hrs after ingestion);heat-liable toxin (like cholera);follows ingestion of many spores |
| listeria monocytogenes | gram+ bacilli; non-spore forming faculative anaerobes; common in envrionment (water, soil, GI); resistant to heat, cold, salt, pH extremes, bile; grow quickly on most media; usually beta-hemolytic on blood agar; isolated by growing in cold (4C) |
| listeria monocytogenes - structure | H&O antigens (17 serotypes); serotyping used to trace outbreaks; molecular techniques (gene probes, etc) |
| listeria monocytogenes - virulence | most completely understood; survive intracellularly; infections associated with impaired CMI |
| listeria monocytogenes - epidemiology | found everywhere in nature; healthy carriers: 1% in normal fecal flora, 26% in contact of infected patients, 4% in feces of slaughter house workers; incidence of infections: 7 cases per million in uS, much higher in newborns and immunocompromised |
| listeria monocytogenes - food born disease | mostly following ingesting contaminated dairy products (cheese, ice cream); or leafy veggies (cabbage); flu-like symptoms (fever, sore throat, diarrhea) |
| listeria monocytogenes - systemic diseases | meningitis in patients with impaired CMI (neonates, AIDS); vaginal colonization in pregnant women (abortion, still births, or premature deaths) |
| listeria monocytogenes - pathogensis | can invade directly through eye or skin; patients with increased risk for disease (pregnant women, those with underlying disease); virulence factor: listerolysin O - damages cell membranes, aids cell to cell spread of infection |
| listeria monocytogenes - clinical symptoms | infections in pregnancy: ingested bacteria -> toxin -> placenta -> induces labor; granulomatosis infanticptica: baby infected in utero -> fatal; meningoenchaplitis: baby infected at birth |
| listeriosis - diagnosis | culture (selective media in cold); biochemical and serological tests gene probes |
| listeriosis - treatment | ampicillin + gentamicin |
| listeriosis - control | pasteurization of dairy foods; through washing of raw veggies |
Created by:
shellieschaf
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