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Cell Division +

Mitosis, Meiosis and Fertilisation

QuestionAnswer
Mitosis: The process by which the nucleus divides into two identical nuclei to form two new cells. Cells that are Diploid (2n) form 2 identical Diploid (2n) cells.
Cytokineses: The process at the end of Mitosis and Meiosis where the Cytoplasm and the rest of the Organelles are replicated during cell division.
Meiosis: The
Diploid: 2n, a cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes, Diploid cells contain chromosomes from both Parents.
Haploid: n, cells that contain only one set of unpaired Chromosomes.
Name the stages of the Cell Cycle (Miotic): Interphase: G1, S, G2. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase, Cytokinesis .
Interphase: The period which the cell is performing its major function, producing proteins etc. G1 - Cell is growing, S1 - The cell replicates its DNA (Chromatin), G2 - Growing more.
Prophase: The cells replicated DNA bundles into the common shape of Chromosomes, two chromatids attached together (exact copies of each other) by a Centromere. Nucleolus disappears and centrioles move to the poles of the cell.
Prometaphase: The nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle fibers begin to form.
Metaphase: The Chromosomes move to the cell equator and line up and the centromeres become attached to the Mitotic Spindle micro tubules.
Anaphase: The centromeres begin to move along the spindle fibers, with a Sister Chromatids each moving to one of the Centrioles at the poles of the cell.
Telophase: The chromatids reach the poles of the cell and the nuclear membrane begins to reform to form two new nuclei, the spindle fibers break down.
Cytokinesis: The Cell cytoplasm divides, as do all the other organelles and the cell membranes form around the two newly produced cells.
Name the twp processes that occur during Meiosis that increases the variation in a species: Crossing over and Independent Assortment of Homologous Chromosomes.
During which stage does Crossing Over and Independent assortment take place? During Metaphase.
Describe what Independent Assortment of Homologous Chromosomes is: Homologous Chromosomes can arrange themselves, in their pairs, during Meiosis I (Metaphase I) randomly. I.e. Chromosome 7 from the mother can be pulled to either side of the cell and Chromosome 6 From the mother can still be pulled to either side.
Why is it important to have gametes with half the number of Chromosomes? Because the Diploid number will be restored when fertilisation occurs, otherwise the Chromosome Number would double after each Generation.
Meiosis Consists of... Two nuclear Divisions but only one Replication of Chromosomes and produced gametes with n number of Chromosomes.
What is it called when the Homologous Chromosomes have paired up closely in Meiosis? A Bivalent
What is the name given to the location where crossing over occurs? A Chiasma (Chiasmata plural).
Why is Fertilisation important in sexual reproduction? Adds a third possibility for variation in offspring, variation is the backbone of Natural Selection. Fusion of Haploid Gametes
Name the parts of a Sperm Cell: Acrosome containing enzymes to digest the Zona Pellucida. The midsection containing Mitrochondria used to produce energy for swimming. The tail section made of Microfilaments to propel the sperm.
Name the parts of the Ovum (egg cell): QOuter Follicle cells for protection. The Zona Pellucida, which is digested by the Acrosome Reaction. Oocyte Membrane, where a sperm will fuse. Cortical Granules which harden the membrane. Cytoplasm for food. Genetic Material.
Briefly outline fertilisation in humans: Sperm reach Ovum, penetrate through Follicle cells, come into contact with Zona Pellucide and release enzymes from Acrsome to digest ZP. One sperm will fuse with the Oocyte Membrane causing a release of genetic material, fusion of nuclei occurs.
Briefly outline fertilisation in plants: Pollination occurs, a male gamete (pollen)contains a pollen tube which grows down into the style towards the Ovary, once it reaches the ovary, two sperm are released, one fuses with an Endosperm (which will become the food source), the other with nucleus.
Name the Male sections of a plant: Stamen; Anthers that produce Pollen, and the Filaments which are the stalks raising the anthers up, making it more likely for them to be touched by wind and insects.
Name the Female parts of a flower: Carpels; containing Stigma (the pollen Receiving capsules) and the Ovaries (which contain the Ovum, egg cells).
What is special about plant fertilisation: It is DOUBLE Fertilisation as two male Gametes fuse to form an Endosperm Nucleus which is Triploid and the other sperm fuses with the female gamete to form the Embryo.
Created by: mjwilson1988
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