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Micro Bug Parade 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| staphylococcus epidemiology | colonize mainly on skin and nasopharynx; survive on dry surfaces for a long time; important cause of hospital (nosocomial) infections; MRSA, main staphylococcus infection; killed by disinfectants and antiseptics (wash hands) |
| nosocomial infections | 1/2 gram negative; 1/4 staph; 1/3 strep; rest candida: opportunistic yeast |
| staphylococcus morphology | gram+ cocci; grows in clumps (like grapes); catalase+; coagulase+ s. aureus (breaks down with hydrogen peroxide); coagulase- all the others |
| staphylococcus virulence factors | capsule; cell wall has teichoic acid and protein A; cytotoxins, exfoliatin, TSST, enterotoxins; enzymes: coagulase, catalase, and others |
| enterotoxins | cause food poisoning |
| TSST | toxic shock syndrome toxin |
| exfoliatin | exfoliate and remove the top layer of skin |
| staphylococcus aureus - food poisoning | enterotoxin; bacteria have been growing on food making toxins; eat food -> get toxins in intestine; nausea, vomiting diarrhea causes by s. aureus |
| staphylococcus aureus - toxic shock syndrome | follows local growth of s. aureus in vagina or wound; causes systemic shock, fever, hypertension, rash; multiple organ involvement; high mortality rate; caused by TSST (toxic shock syndrome toxin) |
| staphylococcus aureus - scalded skin syndrome | exfolliatin toxin; abrupt appearance of redness and inflammation around the mouth and body; covers entire body within 2 days; large blisters |
| staphylococcus aureus - skin infections | impetigo, boils, carbuncles (large soft tissue infection); wound infections |
| staphylococcus aureus - other infections | bateremia: blood poisoning endocarditis: inflammation of the heart pneumonia empyemia: pus pockets in pleural cavity osteomyelitis and septic arthritis |
| coagulase- staph | staphylococcus epidermidis; staphylococcus saprophyticus |
| staphylococcus epidermis | catheter and stint infections; prosthetic joint infections; endocarditis (artificial heart valves) |
| staphylococcus saprophyticus | can also cause UTIs in young women; not too uncommon; sexually active women |
| staphylococcus lab diagnosis | microscopy: cultures of gram+ cocci; culture: s. aureus (yellow); others white; staph are catalase+ serology: antibodies against teichoic acid identification: coagulase test (s. aureus); antibiotic susceptibility |
| staphylococcus treatment | determine antibiotic resistance; treat accordingly; vancomycin used as last resort |
| staphylococcus prevention | hand washing; clean wounds; carefully apply antiseptics; treatment of carriers |
| staphylococcus overview | gram+; catalase+; s. aureus is coagulase+; rest of staph is coagulase- |
| streptococci | gram+; pairs or chains (diplococci - pairs); don't form spores; non-motile; no flagella; form capsules or biofilms (slime) layer; some cause disease; others are in normal flora |
| streptococci classification - beta hemolytic | completely lysed; lancfield groups: A, B, C, F, G; group A - streptococcus progenies; group B - streptococcus agalactiae |
| streptococci classification - alpha hemolytic | (green); viridians streptococci; s. mutans, s. salivarius, s. sanguis, s. mitis, s. sanguinis |
| streptococci classification - others | streptococcus pneumonia |
| streptococci habitat - group A | s. pyogenes; not usually considered normal flora; cause of most streptococcal disease; most common disease is strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis) |
| streptococci habitat - group B | s. agalactiae; normal flora of female genital tract |
| streptococci habitat - viridians | normal flora of mouth and upper respiratory tract; watch s. mutans (tooth decay) |
| streptococci habitat - s. pneumoniae | normal flora of upper respiratory tract |
| streptococci growth and metabolism | grow rapidly on most media (<24hrs); most are facultative anaerobes (grow anywhere); some hemolysins are oxygen liable (more lysis in anaerobic environment; some strep can't grow with CO2 (microaerophilic); all are catalase- |
| streptococci virulence - group A | M protein fimbriae: anti-phagocytic, helps attach capsule; toxins: streptolysins, erythrogenic toxin, streptoccal toxic shock syndrome; enzymes: streptokinases, DNase, hyaluronidase |
| streptococci toxins | streptolysins: cytolytic; erythrogenic toxin: scarlet fever; streptoccal toxic shock syndrome (STST) |
| streptococci enzymes | streptokinases (lyse blood clots); DNase; hyaluronidase (spreading factor) |
| streptococci virulence - group B | polysaccharide capsule (anti-phagocytic) |
| streptococci virulence - viridians | biofilms (teeth, catheters, iv lines); acid production (tooth decay) |
| streptococci virulence - s. pneumoniae | capsule (anti-phagocytic) |
| group A streptococci diseases - suppurative | pharyngitis; scarlet fever; skin infections (impetigo, erysipelas); cellulitis, necrotizing fascitis, STSS, puerperal sepsis, lymphangitis, pneumonia |
| group A streptococci diseases - non-suppurative | rheumatic ever, rheumatic heart disease, acute glomeruonphritis |
| group A streptococci lab diagnosis | microscopy (gram+ cocci in chains); antigen detection (detect CHO; test for strep throat); culture (blood agar plates or selective media); identification (bacitracin sensitivity); antibody detect (ASO, anti-DNase B) |
| group A streptococci treatment | penicillin; erythromycin; cephalosporin; antibiotic combinations for mixed infections |
| group B streptococci diseases | causes of neonatal (at or before birth) and perinatal (after birth) diseases in infants; early/late onset; UTI |
| group B streptococci early onset | infection acquired in utero or at delivery from colonized birth canal; sepsis, bacteremia, pneumonia, can be fatal |
| group B streptococci late onset | acquired from mother, visitors, health care providers in weeks after birth; meningitis is most common |
| beta-hemolytic streptococci | group C, F, G streptococci; usually animal flora; mostly causes diseases in immunocompromised host (deep abscesses, bacteremia, could cause pharyngitis); treat with penicillin |
| viridians streptococci | heterogenous group alpha hemlysis; normal inhabitant of URT associated with dental carriers (s. mutans); subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE); suppurative intra-abdonimal infections opportunist in immunocompromised; some penicillin-resistant strains |
| streptococcus pneumonia | gram+; lancet-shaped diplococcus; pathogenic strains have capsules; major cause of community-acquired bacteria pneumonias; major cause of meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bacteremia |
Created by:
shellieschaf
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