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Mod 1B A&P Ch 8
Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three types of muscle tissue | Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth |
| Skeletal muscle | Striated muscle and connective tissue, responsible for voluntary movement. |
| Striated muscle | Cross stripes or striations |
| Voluntary muscle | Contractions can be controlled voluntarily. |
| Cardiac muscle | Branch frequently, composes the bulk of the heart, have cross striations and have dark bands called intercalated disks. |
| Intercalated disks | Connections that form dark bands between cardiac muscle fibers. |
| Smooth muscle | Not attached to the skeleton, tapered at each end and have a single nucleus and are involuntary. (Nonstriated muscle cells) Found in hollow structures like arteries, veins, bladder, and intestines. |
| Origin | Stationary bone |
| Insertion | Movable bone |
| Tendons | Anchors muscles firmly to bones. |
| Bursae | Small fluid-filled sacs. |
| Tendon Sheaths | Tube shaped structures that enclose tendons. |
| Muscle Fibers | Elongated contractile cells. |
| Myofilaments | Threadlike structures |
| Myosin | Thick myofilaments |
| Actin | Thin myofilaments |
| Sarcomere | Thin transparent membrane that encases a muscle fiber. |
| Sliding Filament Model | Contraction of muscle fiber. |
| Myoglobin | A red, oxygen storing pigment. |
| Functions of Skeletal Muscle | Movement, Posture or Muscle Tone, Heat Production |
| Movement | Muscles move bones by pulling on them. |
| Prime Mover | Responsible for producing a particular movement. |
| Synergists | Responsible for helping producing movement. |
| Antagonists | Helps muscles relax |
| Posture | Body positioning |
| Tonic Contraction | Very little movement. |
| Hypothermia | A fall in body temperature below normal condition. |
| Fatigue | Muscle cells stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest causing the strength of muscle to decrease. |
| Oxygen Debt | Continued increased metabolism that must occur in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that accumulates during prolonged exercise. |
| Paralysis | Nervous system disorder that shuts off impulses to certain skeletal muscles. |
| Motor Neuron | Neuron that transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles. |
| Neuromuscular Junction | Point of contact between the nerve endings and muscle fibers. |
| Motor unit | A single motor neuron along with the muscle cells it innervates. |
| Threshold stimulus | The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract. |
| Types of Skeletal Muscle Contractions | Twitch, Tetanic, Isotonic, Isometric |
| Twitch | Quick, jerky response to a stimulus. |
| Tetanic Contraction | Sustained and steady response to a stimulus. |
| Isotonic Contraction | Produces movement at a joint; muscle changes length and the insertion end moves relative to the point of origin. |
| Isometric Contraction | A muscle contracts and no movement occurs. |
| Disuse atrophy | A condition due to prolonged muscle inactivity. |
| Hypertrophy | Muscle growth. |
| Strength Training | Contracting muscles against heavy resistance; weightlifting. |
| Endurance Training | Increases a muscle's ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period; aerobic training, walking, running everyday. |
| Frontal muscle | Allows the raise of eyebrows. |
| Orbicularis | Puckers the lips; kissing muscle. |
| Zygomaticus | Elevates the corners of the mouth and lips; smiling muscle. |
| Mastication | Closing the mouth and chewing movement. |
| Masseter | Elevates the mandible. |
| Temporal | Assists the masseter in closing the jaw. |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Flex the head on the chest |
| Trapezius | Triangular shaped muscle along the back of the neck and shoulders and connect the scapula and clavicle |
| Pectoralis Major | Chest muscle;pecs |
| Latissimus Dorsi | An extensor of the upper arm located on the upper side of the chest. |
| Tenosynovitis | Inflammation of the tendon sheath. |
| Bursitis | Inflammation of the bursa |
| Deltoid | Thick, rounded prominent muscle over the shoulder and upper arm. |
| Biceps Brachii | On the anterior surface of the upper arm, serves as a primary flexor of the forearm. |
| Triceps Brachii | On the posterior or back surface of the upper arm. |
| External Oblique | The outermost layer of the abdominal walls. |
| Internal Oblique | The middle layer of the abdominal walls. |
| Transversus Abdominis | The innermost layer of the abdominal walls. |
| Rectus Abdominis | Strap-shaped muscle that runs down the midline of the abdomen from the thorax to the pubis. |
| Intercostal muscles | Muscles between the ribs. |
| Diaphragm | Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
| Iliopsoas | Muscle that stabilizes and keeps the trunk from falling over backward when one stands. |
| Gluteus Maximus | Buttock Muscle |
| Adductor Muscles | Located on the inner or medial side of the thighs; adduct or press the thighs together. |
| Quadriceps Femoris | Covers the upper thigh |
| Tibialis Anterior Muscle | Dorsiflexes the foot; located on the anterior surface of the leg. |
| Gastrocnemius | Primary calf muscle. |
| Flexion | Movement that makes the angle between two bones at their joint smaller than it was at the beginning of the movement. (bending) |
| Extension | Movements that make the angle between two bones at their joint larger than it was at the beginning of the movement. (straightening or stretching). |
| Rotation | Movement around a longitudinal axis (rotating your head and neck from side to side). |
| Circumduction | Moving in a circle. |
| Supination | Palms up |
| Pronation | Palms down |
| Mopathies | A muscle disorder. |
| Muscle Strain | Overexertion or trauma to a muscle. |
| Myalgia | Muscle pain |
| Sprain | Injury in the area of a joint and a ligament. |
| Myositis | Muscle inflammation. |
| Fibromyositis | Inflammation of muscle and tendon tissue; charley horse |
| Cramps | Painful muscle spasms (involuntary twitches) |
| Contusion | A bruise |
| Poliomyelitis | Viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal muscle movement. |
| Muscular Dystrophy | Group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissues. |
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | Most common form of muscular dystrophy; false muscle growth caused by a missing gene in the X chromosome. |
| Myasthenia gravis | Chronic autoimmune disease characterized by muscle weakness, especially in the face and throat. |
| Humans have over how many muscles | 650 |
| Muscles compose what percentage of body weight | 40% |
| Dark Fibers | Deep red color, produce slow tonic movements. |
| Light Fibers | Lighter in color, produce quick, contracted movements. |
| Red Colored bands | Contracts automatically and rhythmically like smooth muscle. |
| Striated bands | Multi-nucleated like skeletal muscle. |
Created by:
ROSSMIBOA
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