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Mod 1B A&P Ch 7

The Skeletal System

QuestionAnswer
Articulations Joints
Functions of the Skeletal System Protection, Movement, Storage, Hematopoiesis
What do bones store? Calcium
Hematopoiesis The process of blood cell formation.
Blood cell formation A process carried on in red bone marrow.
Red Bone Marrow Soft connective tissue found inside the hard walls of some bones that produce both red and white blood cells.
Four types of bones Long, short, flat, irregular
Sesamoid Bones Round irregular bones
Diaphysis A shaft; hollow tube made of hard compact bone.
Medullary Cavity The hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft, yellow bone marrow.
Yellow Bone Marrow An inactive fatty form of marrow.
Epiphyses The ends of the bone.
Articular Cartilage A thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis (functions like a small rubber cushion).
Periosteum Strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces.
Endosteum A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity.
Compact bone (dense) A thin layer surrounding cancellous bone
Cancellous bone (spongy bone) outside of the thin layer of compact bone.
Trabeculae Bony portions of the spongy bone that surround open spaces.
Structures of flat bones Compact, cancellous, trabeculae
Two major types of connective tissue Bone and cartilage
Osteons Structural unit of compact bone tissue. AKA Haversian System
Lamella Thin layer
Central Canal Contains blood vessels
Osteocytes Mature bone cells
Lacunae A cavity, space, or depression in a bone, containing cartilage or bone cells.
Chondrocytes A cartilage cell
Osteoblasts Bone forming cells
Osteoclasts Bone-resorbing cells
Endochondral Ossification The process in which most bones are formed from cartilage models.
Epiphyseal Plate Growth Plate; The cartilage plate that is between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and allows growth to occur
Epiphyseal Line Point of fusion seen in a mature bone that replaces the growth plate.
Two divisions of the skeleton Axial and appendicular
Axial Head, neck, and torso
Appendicular Upper and lower extremeties
Sinuses Spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones.
Paranasal Sinuses Four pairs of sinuses that have openings into the nose.
Mastoiditis Inflammation of the air spaces within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.
Sutures Immovable joints
Fontanels Soft spot on an infant's skull.
Vertebrae Bones that make up the spinal column
Lordosis Swayback; Abnormal lumbar curvature of the spine.
Kyphosis Abnormal thoracic curvature of the spine.
Scoliosis Abnormal side to side curvature
Scapula Shoulder blade
Clavicle Collar bone
Pectoral girdle The scapula and clavicle
Sternoclavicular Joint The direct point of attachment between the bones of the upper extremity and the axial skeleton.
Humerous The long bone of the arm and second largest bone in the body.
Radius One of the bones in the forearm; thumb side.
Ulna One of the bones in the forearm; pinky side.
Olecranon Process The large bony process of the ulna; tip of the elbow.
Olecranon Fossa Large depression on the posterior side of the humerous.
Metacarpal The bones in the palm of the hand.
Carpals Wrist bone
Phalanges Finger bones
Coxal Bones Pelvic Bones
Three pelvic bones in an infant Ilium, ischium, pubis
Femur Thigh bone; longest bone in the body.
Acetabulum Socket in the hip bone that into which the head of the femur fits.
Patella Kneecap
Tibia Shinbone
Fibula Long slender bone on the lateral side of lower leg.
Tarsal Bones Heel and back part of foot bones
Metatarsals Form part of foot to which toes attach
Calcaneus Heel bones
Vertebroplasty Orthopedic procedure that involves the injection of a "super glue" type of bone cement to repair fractured and compressed vertebrae
Flat feet Fallen Arches; condition in which the tendons and ligaments of the foot are weaken
Medial Longitudinal Arch Inner lengthwise support structure of the foot.
Lateral Longitudinal Arch Outer lengthwise support structure of the foot.
Metatarsal Arch The arch that extends across the ball of the foot.
Joint types Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses
Synarthroses No movement
Amphiarthroses Slight movement
Diarthroses Free movement
Herniated disk Damage to a disc caused by the pressure of sudden exertion or injury; slipped disc
Flexion A bending joint
Extension Straightening of the joint; extend a joint.
Rotation To rotate a joint; shaking head no
Circumduction Circular movement
Abduction Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
Adduction Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
Osteosarcoma Bone cancer; most common, twice as high in males, occurs most frequently between 20 and 40 yrs of age. Treatment by surgery or chemotherapy
Chondrosarcoma Cancer of cartilage tissue. Second most common cancer of skeletal tissue. Occurs most frequently between 40 and 70 years of age, surgical treatment, chemotherapy not effective.
Osteoporosis Bone disorder caused by loss of minerals which become less dense; unknown cause
Although the cause remains unknown, genetics play a part in the etiology, as do low estrogen levels and postmenopause status in women Osteoporosis
Rickets Bone softening disorder due to lack of Vitamin D in young children.
Osteomalacia Bone softening disorder due to lack of Vitamin D in adults.
Paget Disease A common bone disorder due to replacement of spongy bone with disorganized bone matrix.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Genetic disorder due to brittle bones; brittle bone disease.
Osteomyelitis Bacterial infections of bone and marrow tissue.
Open fracture Compound fractures; bone pierces the skin.
Closed fracture Simple fractures do not pierce the skin
Incomplete fracture Bone fragments are partially joined
Complete fracture Bone fragments separate completely. (shatters)
Comminuted fracture Breaks that produce many fragments.
Impacted fracture Bone fragments are driven into each other.
Linear fracture Fracture line is parallel to the bone's long axis.
Transverse fracture Fracture line is at a right angle to the bone's long axis.
Oblique fracture Fracture line is diagonal to the bone's long axis.
Callus Bony tissue that forms a sort of collar around the broken ends of fractured bone during the healing process.
Osteoarthritis Noninflammatory disorder of movable joints; DJD (Degenerative joint disease) (Wear and tear)
Blouchard Nodes Abnormal enlargements in the proximal joints with osteoarthritis
Heberden Nodes Abnormal enlargements in the distal joints with osteoarthritis.
Dislocation Seperation of bones of a joint.
Sprain Acute injury to ligaments around joints.
Strain Acute injury to any part of the muscle and tendon.
Avulsion fracture Fracture occuring when a massive muscle contractor causes a piece of bone to be pulled free.
Epiphyseal fracture When the epiphyseal plate is separated from the epiphysis or diaphysis.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune disease of chronic inflammation of connective tissues.
Ulnar Deviation Deformity in the hands from Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenille Rheumatoid Arthritis More severe than adult, destroys growth of cartilage and growth of long bones.
Gouty Arthritis A metabolic condition where uric acid increases in the blood which cause chronic inflammation and tissue damage.
Infectious Arthritis Inflammation of joint tissues caused by a pathogen
Enrlichiosis A bacterial infection.
Arthroscopy An imaging technique to examine a joint without the use of surgery.
Male Larger hip bones and narrow, pelvis is shaped like a funnel
Female Broader, shallower shape pelvis (like a basin), inlet and outlet wider,
False Ribs Attach to spine and to cartilage of ribs.
True Ribs Attach to spine and sternum
Floating Ribs Attaches only to spine.
Three arches of foot Two longitudinal and one transverse.
Freely movable joints Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding and condyloid.
Hips and joints Have the widest range of motion.
Otecramon Elbow process
Created by: ROSSMIBOA
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