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Science Ch 19 & 40
Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Direct Contact | one person hast to touches the infected person, not just a person; also applies for plants and animals |
| Indirect Contact | no direct contact it's spread by air, in the water, or a physical object, ex. door nob, someone sneezes and then you touch the door knob |
| Vector | Animals that carry pathogens from person to person |
| Patient Zero | the person who has and spreads the disease first. |
| Pathogen | disease-causing agents |
| Disease | any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body, except for broken bones |
| Antibiotics | compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria |
| Immunity | ability of the body to resist a specific pathogen |
| Humoral Immunity | Once the body has been exposed to a pathogen, it remains capable of producing specific antibodies to attack the pathogen. The reaction to a second infection by the same pathogen is much faster. |
| Cell mediated immunity | The body's primary defense against its own cells when they have become cancerous or infected by viruses. Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroy them. |
| Vaccination | The injection of a weakened form of a pathogen to produce immunity. |
| Prokaryotes | It is another name for bacteria. The smallest most common microorganisms. Unicellular organism lacking a nucleus |
| Chemoheterotrophs | Most heterotrophic prokaryotes must take in organic molecules for both energy and a supply of carbon. Most are animals, including humans |
| Photoheterotrophs | A smaller group of hetetrophic prokaryotes. These organisms are photosynthetic, using sunlight for energy, but they also need to take in organic compounds as a carbon source. |
| Photoautotrophs | Type of prokaryotes. Use light energy to convert carbon dioxide & water to carbon compounds & oxygen in a process similar to that used by green plants. These organisms are found in places w/ plenty of light ex.near the surfaces of lakes, streams &oceans. |
| Chemoautotrophs | This prokaryotes can perform chemosynthesis. Make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide. Use energy directly from chemical reactions involving ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, sulfur or iron. Some live in the deep darkness of the ocean. |
| Virus | Particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids. Viruses can reproduce only by infecting living cells. They enter living cells and once inside use the machinery of the infected to produce more. |
| What is the difference between and aerobe and an anaerobe? | aerobe-rely on oxygen anaerobe- don't need oxygen |
| How are diseases transmitted? (5 ways) | |
| Germ theory of disease | The observations of Pasteur(French chemist) and Koch(German bacteriologist)led them to conclude that infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms of different types, commonly called germs. |
| Explain Koch's postulates and how they are used to determine disease transmission | Series of guidelines used to identify the microorganism that causes a specific disease. |
| list&give Examples of 5 agents of disease | 1. Viruses tiny particles that invade and replicate within living cells; some diseases include the common cold, influenza, small pox, and warts. 2.Bacteria most are harmless,some cause serious diseases by breaks down tissue or releasing toxins 3. |
| Function of the immune system | The function of the immune system is to fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances of the cells. |
| Why is having a fever can be helpful to a person? | An elevated temperature slows down or stops the growth of such pathogens. An elevated temp. slows down or stops the growth of such pathogens. The higher body temp. also increases heart rate so that white blood cells get to the site of infection faster. |
| Explain the specific defenses of the immune system (humoral and cell mediated) | Humoral Immunity- B cells provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids. Cell mediated immunity- t cells provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells. |
| Give examples of the nonspecific defenses of the immune system. | First line of defense- Skin- very few pathogens can penetrate the layers of dead cells at the skin’s surface. Second line of defense- reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection. |
| Two types of bacteria and how do they differ | Eubacteria- live in water and live inside organsmis, common bacteria, have peptidoglycan in cell wall Archaebacteria- primitive live in extreme environment, incrusted in ice, super heated hot springs, old bacteria, lack peptidoglycan |
| What are the three major shapes of bacteria? | The three major shapes of bacteria are rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spirals (spirilla) |
| Why are bacteria important | Bacteria are vital to maintaining the living world. Some are producers that capture energy by photosynthesis. Others are decomposers that break down the nutrients in dead matter and the atmosphere. Still other bacteria have human uses |
| Compare and contrast bacteria and virus | Viruses are not alive and can only reproduce by infecting living cells Bacteria is alive and it can reproduce naturally, not always bad Both cause disease |
| Explain the basic structure of the virus | A typical virus is composed of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat- come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes |
| Two types of bacteria and how are the same? | both don't have nuclei, have diff membrane lipids, both have many diff. shapes, metabolism, cell wall, cell membrane, unicellular |
| compare and contrast lytic and lysogenic | lysogenic- a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic info replicates along w/ the host cell's DNA lytic- a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst |
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