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Bio Exam
Alleles, Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| indicates that individuals of one genotype reproduce more often with each other | nonrandom mating |
| marriage between blood relatives | consanguinity |
| marriage within a community | endogamy |
| we marry people similar to ourselves_____of the time | 80% |
| gradients in allele frequencies between successive neighboring populations | clines |
| the change in allele frequency when a small group separates from the larger whole | genetic drift |
| occurs when a small group leaves home to found new settlements | founder effect |
| occurs when a large population is drastically reduced in size | population bottleneck |
| a major and continual source of genetic variation in populations | mutations |
| the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with a particular genotype/phenotype | natural selection |
| the collection of recessive deleterious alleles present in a population | genetic load |
| banishment of a dangerous trait | negative selection |
| retaining an advantageous | positive selection |
| word coined in 1883 by sir francis galton to mean "good in birth" | eugenics |
| refers to the formation of new species | macroevolution |
| we actually have___major blood types | 29 |
| two main types of antigen-presenting cells | -macrophages -t-cells |
| organs involved in production or maturation of immune cells | -spleen and thymus -bone marrow |
| immediate and generalized | innate immunity |
| specific and slower | adaptive immunity |
| protect against bacteria, yeasts, same viruses by detecting slight differences in their surfaces from human cells | collectins |
| b cells produce antibodies in response to activation by t cells | humoral immune response |
| t cells produce cytokines and activate other cells | cellular immune response |
| -helper t cells -cytotoxic t cells -regulatory t cells | types of t cells |
| mutation of oxidase enzyme results in neutrophils that cannot kill bacteria | chronic granulomatous disease |
| impacts both humoral and cellular immunity due to lack of mature b cells and or t cells | severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) |
| about____percent of the population has an autoimmune disorder | 5 |
| immune response to a non-threatening foreign substance | allergen |
| severe allergic reaction throughout the body | anaphylatic shock |
| used cowpox as a vaccine for smallpox | edward jenner |
| contraction of the airways, inflammation and mucus production block air flow | asthma |
| occurs when enough microevolutionary changes have occurred to prevent individuals from one population to successfully produce fertile offspring | macroevolution |
| nonrandom mating, migration, genetic drift, mutation, natural selection | five factors that can change genotype frequencies |
| used to determine carrier probability | hardy-weinberg equation |
| -variable number of tandem repeats -short tandem repeats | two types of DNA repeats |
| a technique that detects differences in repeat copy number | DNA profiling |
| used in forensics, agriculture, paternity testing, and historical investigations | DNA profiling |
| can be obtained from any cell with a nucleus | DNA sources |
| # of particular allele ----------------- total # of alleles in the population | allele frequency |
| cells that display the foreign antigen | antigen-presenting cell |
| 6 million base long cluster on the short arm of chromosome 6. includes about 70 genes and about 50% of the genetic influence on immunity stem from them. | major histocompatibility complex |
| directly attack foreign antigens | antibodies and cytokines |
| 2 major types of lymphocytes | B cells and T cells |
| creates a hostile environment for certain types of pathogens at an injury site, destroys pathogens | inflammation |
| consists of plasma proteins that assist, or complement, several other defenses | complement system |
| broadly protect against bacteria, yeasts, and some viruses by detecting slight differences in their surfaces from human cells | collectins |
| interferons alert other components of the immune system to the presence of cells infected with viruses | cytokines |
| cytokines that cause fever, temporarily triggering a higher body temperature that directly kills some infecting bacteria and viruses | interleukins |
| antibody factories secreting 1,000 to 2,000 identical antibodies per second into the bloodstream | plasma cells |
| stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, stimulates lymphocyte differentiation, dismantles bacterial toxins | tumor necrosis factor |
| immune system produces antibodies that attack the body's own tissues | autoimmunity |
| hardening of the skin from lingering cells from a fetus | scleroderma |
| inactive or partial form of a pathogen that stimulates the imune system to alert B cells to produce antibodies | a vaccine |
| process of spreading, means "not standing still" | metastasis |
| a gene that causes cancer when inappropriately activated | oncogene |
| cause cancer when they are deleted or inactivated | tumor suppressor genes |
| cancer susceptibility is directly passed to future generations because the mutations are in every cell, including gametes | germline mutations |
| genetic, but not usually inherited | cancer |
| where most cancer mutations occur | somatic cells |
| less specialized than the normal cell types near it that it might have descended from | dedifferentiated |
| invasive and can metastasize and stimulate angiogenesis, spreading farther | a cancerous growth |
| produce cancer cells and abnormal specialized cells | cancer stem cells |
| genes that normally trigger cell division when it is appropriate | proto-oncogenes |
| double gene product that lifts control of cell division | fusion protein |
| a recessive gene whose normal function is to limit the number of divisions a cell undergoes | tumor suppressor gene |
| a tumor is______if it does not spread or "invade" surrounding tissue | benign |
| a tumor is cancerous or_________if it infiltrates nearby tissues | malignant |
| the tumor spreads to other parts of the body via the blood or lymph vessels | metastasis |
| normal versions of genes that promote cell division | proto-oncogene |
| a mutated proto-oncogene; causes uncontrolled cell division and cancer | oncogene |
| occur sporadically in nonsex cells | somatic mutations |
| cancer susceptibility passed on to offspring | germline mutations |
| uses a device called a BLOOD-chip | genotyping |
| account for 50% of the genetic impact on immunity | HLA genes |
| are found on all cell types | class I genes |
| are found mostly on antigen-presenting cells | class II genes |
| encode plasma proteins that carry out non-specific functions | class III genes |
| encode human leukocyte antigens (HLA) | class I and II genes |
| unbroken skin, mucous membranes and secretions, waving cilia of respiratory tract, tears, saliva, urination. | physical barriers of defense |
| reaction to first exposure | primary immune response |
| reaction to exposure using "memory" of first response | secondary immune response |
| also called immunoglobulins | antibodies |
| must recognize foreign antigens and not recognize self antigens | T cells |
| occurs when an Rh- (no Rh antigen) mother has an Rh+ (has Rh antigen) child | Rh incompatibility |
| engulf and destroy pathogens via phagocytosis | phagocytes |
| persistence of harmful recessive alleles due to heterozygotes | balanced polymorphism |
| a germline mutation is inherited and then a somatic mutation affect the same cell | familial form (breast cancer) |
| two somatic mutations affect the same cell | sporadic form (breast cancer) |
| directly control mitosis and apoptosis | gatekeeper genes |
| control mutation rates and may have an overall effect, when mutant, in destabilizing the genome | caretaker genes |
Created by:
Shannonrb12
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