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112 Test 3
BCCC BIO112 Digestive Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pH of saliva | 6.8-7.1 |
| composition of saliva (5) | water, mucus, salts, lysosomes, immunoglobin A |
| lingual lipase converts X to X | triglycerides to FAs. 30% of fats digested |
| length and description of esophagus | 10in. from laryngopharynx to stomach |
| cell composition of esophagus | simple squamous |
| which macros are digested in the stomach? | proteins and lipids |
| only digestive aspect with 3 muscle layers | stomach |
| length of mix time of fundus | 2-6hrs |
| most mixing is done in this region of the stomach | body |
| most chyme squirted back into the stomach from here | pyloric sphincter |
| stomach absorbs: | water, lipid solubles, and aspirin |
| why does stomach empty slow | enough time for intestines to digest |
| only produced as needed... | enzymes |
| pepsigen turns X to Y in presence of Z | proteins to peptides, activated as pepsin by HCL (stomach) |
| role of parietal cells (3) | activates pepsin, denatures proteins, kills microbes (stomach) |
| needed for B12 absorption | intrinsic factor |
| function of mucus cells in stomach | protection of stomach wall |
| this hormone is secreted by G cells | secrete gastrin- digestive regulation hormone |
| ghrelin (G cell?) stimulates... | stimulates hunger and release of growth hormone |
| percent of absorption of SI | 90% |
| most of absorption takes place here (SI) | ileum |
| time spent in SI | 3-5hrs |
| what is segmented movement | local, ring like movement mixes chyme |
| SI enzymes (5) | sucrase, lactase, maltase, peptidase, nucleosidase |
| peptidase turns X into Y | proteins to AAs |
| nucletodisase turns X into Y | nucleic acids to nucleotides |
| villi/microvilli per sq. ft | 20/200 million |
| function of villi | increase surface area to 2200 sq. ft |
| 4 fx of liver | metabolism of macronutrients, blood detox, bilirubin, vitamin/mineral storage, synthesis of bile salts |
| organ makes more blood glucose when levels are low | liver |
| used by liver to raise blood glucose (4) | glycogen, AA, lactic acid, fructose+galactose |
| blood glucose converted into this when levels are elevated (2) | glycogen and lipid, done by liver |
| livers role in lipid metabolism (2) | synthesis of lipoproteins and cholesterol. stores lipids and breaks them down |
| livers role in protein metabolism (2) | synthesis of plasma proteins and amino acid breakdown |
| blood detox done by liver (2) | NH3 to urea and alcohol/drugs |
| micronutrients stored by liver (7) | A, B12, D, E, K, Fe, and Cu |
| bile composition (3) | water, bile salts, and cholesterol |
| fx bile (2) | fat emulsification and absorption |
| bile stored here | gallbladder |
| bile pathway (3) | fats in duod > CCK release > bile into duod. |
| pH of sodium bicarbonate | 7.1-8.2 |
| pancreas enzymes (5) | pancreatic amylase, lipase, trypsin/chymotrypsin/carboxypeptidase (proteins to peptides) |
| cephalic and gastric stimulation of pancreas leads to... | increased pancreatic juice |
| instestinal stimulation stimulation of pancreas leads to secretion of... (2) | secretin and CCK, inc. pancreatic secretions |
| fx LI (4) | water absorbed, secrete mucus, bacterial functions, and feces |
| LI mucus fx (3) | lubrication, protection, binding |
| LI bacteria fx (3) | synth. B and K, break down AAs, form Indole, Skatols, and hydrogen sulfide |
| 3 types of LI movements | haustral churning, peristalsis, mass propulsion (strong peristalsis) |
| used in LI mass propulsin | taenia coli |
| bowel movement triggers (2) | food in stomach or duod, thoughts of food |
| bowel movement frequency | 2-3x daily |
| amylase types (3) | salivary, intestinal, and pancreatic |
| maltase before and after | maltose to 2x glucose (intestines) |
| sucrase before and after | sucrose to glucose and fructose (intestines) |
| lactase before and after | lactose to glucose and galactose |
| epithelial absorption of glucose and galactose | active trans. with Na |
| epithelial absorption of fructose | facilitated diffusion |
| extra-epithelial monosaccharide absorption diffusion method | facilitated diffusion |
| if glucose is needed, where does it go... | enters cell via insulin and turned to ATP |
| if glucose is not needed, where does it go (2)... | stored as glycogen in liver or muscle or as fat in liver or fat cells |
| carb summary (3) | digest in mouth, absorbed in SI, carried to liver |
| what happens to proteins in the stomach (2) | HCl denatures then pepsin turns into peptides |
| intestinal enzyme that turns peptides into AAs | peptidase |
| amino acid diffusion type | active with Na INTO the cell |
| livers uses proteins to... | make plasma proteins |
| if AA levels are high the liver (2)... | liver turns into glucose or stores as fat |
| fx lipases X to X | trigylcerides to monoglycerides and fatty acids |
| types of lipases (3) | lingual, gastric, pancreatic |
| lipase type mainly for babies | gastric lipase |
| amount of chains in short chain fatty acids | 10-12C |
| short chain FA diffusion method | simple |
| long chain/monoglyceride diffusion method | facilitated by bile salts to get throuhg intestine wall or they wont mix in intestinal juices |
| enzyme that breaks down chylomicrons in capillary walls | lipoprotein lipase |
| lipoproteins (3) | chylomicrons, LDL, HDL |
| olestra composition (2) | sugar and veg. oil |
| olestra fx | cant be digested or absorbed |
| olestra side effect on micronutrients (5) | A D E K and carotenoids |
| lipid summary | brokwn down in mouth, stomach, and intestines to form mono and FAs. used if needed by breaking down glycerol or FAs |
| preferred energy source of body | glucose |
| body turns to lipids for energy when...(3) | fasting, diabetes, starvation |
| structural use for lipids | phospholipid membranes |
| percent of lipids stored in adipose tissue vs. liver cells | 98 |
| adipose lipid storage %'s | 50% subcutaneous, 12% kidneys, 20% genitals, 10-15% omenta, 5-8 % muscles |
| water absorption capcaity | 9.3L / 9.5Q |
| most of water absoprion done in this section of SI | duodenum (8.3L) |
| LI water absorption | 0.5-1L |
| water in feces | .1 L |
| vitamins absorbed mainly in this organ | SI |
| fat soluble micronutrients (4) | A D E K |
| water soluble micronutrients (2) | C and B's. (B12 requres intrinsic) |
| satiety center is here... | hypothalamus |
| satiety center is normally... | on. which inhibits hunger |
| amount of time before nutrients from GI enter blood | 4 |
| 2 metabolic states | absorptive and postabsorptive |
| major organ for stored glucose | liver, after 4 hrs |
| 2 alternative sources of stored glucose besides the liver | glycerol from lipids or muscle glycogen |
| kwashiorkor due to... | protein deficiency. blood albumin so low it leaks fluid into abdomen |
| kwashiorkor response duration | 2-3 days |
| corn lacks these amino acids (leading to kwashiorkor problems) | tryptophan and lysine |
| maramus characterized by... | emaciation |
| too quick response to marasmus causes: (2) | severe diarrhea and congestive heart failure due to blood pressure from elevated proteins. response must take months |
| amount of energy liberated in body per unit of time | metabolic rate |
| 2 methods to measure BMR | heat given off or O2 consumed |
| BMR taken when... | awake and relaxed at comfy body temp. 12 hrs after last meal |
| BMR average for adult male. | 2k. can be up to 5k. |
Created by:
mjbaig02
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