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Turtles birds Dinos
Exam about dinosaurs and birds 3 lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Development of turtle shell many turtles compensate for the rigidity of the body by | -limb girldles are inside the axial skeleton - having an exceptionally flexible neck - |
| In the subclass Anapsida is the Order Testudines | -303 extant species -look very similar today as in jurassic (200mya) -most ancient surviving lineage of land vertebrates -most derived of the vertebrates extensive fusion of skeleton to create shell, dermal skutes or plates on top |
| Breathing inside a shell | large lungs attach to shell(dorsal) and ventral side of the body breathing is difficult to do because you cant move the rib cage both inhale and exhale uses energy |
| when vertebrates moved onto land as turtles has much changed? | No not much has changed since verts moved on land as turtles, however they are the most derived of the vertebrates due to their extensive fusion of bone loss to create shell , dermal skutes or plates on top |
| what are underneath skutes? what are other names for skutes? how does one tell turtles apart? | vertebrae is under skutes aka shells. turtles can be told apart based on the number of skutes and different regions skutes are located (soft shell, tortoises more dorsally elevated shells). |
| what is advantageous/ disadvantageous about turtles in southern hemisphere? | Turtles in the southern hemisphere cant pull their necks into their shells for protection but they have long necks with ability for a lot of movement to compensate. they are considered more primitive |
| what are the two hypotheses of turtle origin? | 1. a breaking off of group in the late permian. a morphology based, more conservative hypothesis. (we go with this one) 2. derived from crocodilians more recently in triassic. DNA (DNA relationships) based hypothesis. |
| MORPHOLOGY OF THE SHELL: how people describe skutes or modified epidermal layer of shell. | bony shell on top as well as bottom for protection. however there is much variation of this. plates are basically modified skin (derived?) |
| Morphology of the shell | A. plates dermal and epidermal. they do not coincide in number or position with underlying bones B. extensive fusion of skeleton -carapace: modified vertebrae and ribs (59 centers of ossification in carapace) -plastron: modified abdominal ribs |
| development of turtle shell. what is the significance of limb placement now? | limb girdles are inside the axial skeleton. -initial development similar to aminote lines but then ribs develop more laterally and enclose girdles -can protect from predators by limb girdles being inside the axial skeleton |
| with the development of the turtle shell flexibility is reduced. how do turtles compensate for the rigidity of their bodies? | by having exceptionally flexible neck systems |
| order testudines: have two suborders called | suborder pleuodira (side neck) and cryptodira |
| suborder pleurodira info and what it stands for | "side neck" 79 living species fossils from triassic. today they are only located in southern hemisphere. retract head side to side |
| suborder cryptodira info and what it stands for | "hidden neck" 224 living species fossils from late jurassic today found everywhere but australia retract head inside shell for increased protection |
| breathing inside a shell | both inhalation and exhalation takes/ uses energy. they dont have elastic rib cage which makes breathing difficult. there is a problem of ventilation inside shells. large lungs attach to the dorsal (shell) and ventral (viscera) side of the body. |
| what role does the abdomen play in breathing | when breath in the body cavity expands and air is drawn in, abdominal oblique and serratus pulls body contents toward opening at front of and rear of shell. when breathe out transverse abdominus and pectoralis push viscera up against lungs to expell air |
| aquatic turtles use what kind of respiration? | pharyngeal (pump water into nose mouth and throat. oxygen is extracted by the pharynx. pharyngeal lining acts as a gill) and cloacal (pair of sacs opening off the cloaca. heavily vascularized to facilitate the uptake of oxygen. pump water in and out) |
| how many muscles do work for inhaling and exhaling? | 4 muscles for breathing in turtles. 2 for inhaling 2 for exhaling |
| how can turtles go 33 hours without breathing? when is cloacal respiration especially important? | they have an extraordinary anaerobic capacity. they can go without breath due to cloacal and pharyngeal respiration. cloacal respiration is especially effective for winter for hibernation or reduced metabolism |
| basking in the sun works well for small turtles for what purpose? | temperature regulation. basking for warmth is easier for small turtles bc of their small bodies. larger turtles it doesnt work as well bc surface area is greater. larger turtles can retain heat longer but dont gain heat as easily |
| why is regulation of body temperature important for turtles? how do large turtles thermoregulate? why is it exceptional? | in order to reproduce successfully they must. countercurrent heat exchange reduces speed of heat loss. this process in common in birds and mammals but not reptiles. cool venius blood is warmed by arterial blood to keep core body warm. |
| describe adjustment of body temp when turtles lay eggs | when turtles lay eggs they have to leave the water. in the case of overheating while out of the water they can reduce blood flow from heated flippers to adjust |
| describe reproduction process of turtles | all turtles make nests. they have internal fertilization and use hind limbs to excavate nest in sand or soil. eggs can be soft or rigid. embryonic development is between 40-60 days. |
| what is gigantothermy? animal that is so big that it exchanges little heat with its surroundings. | large size leads to a low surface area to volume ratio, and heat exchange rate is low compared to total size, and the rate at which a change in surface temperature causes a change in core body temperature |
| some lay eggs in fall and hatch in spring which is called | diapause (arrested development) |
| what are environmental effects on egg development? | temperature moisture oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| what is temperature dependent sex determination in turtles | turtle reproduction involves temp dependent sex reproduction. temperature is correlated with size diff. higher temp makes larger sex (female). separation between male or female babies is only 3-4 degrees. |
| how to turtles use migration and navigation | sea turtles migrate between foraging and nesting cites (both sexes) often return to natal beach to breed |
| what are navigational cues for migration of turtles | ocean currents, magnetic field and water chemistry |
| Sauropsida everything from turtles to birds | diapsida (living diapsids: corcodilians dinosaurs birds lizards and snakes and lizards) lepidosauromorpha: (lizards and turtles) |
| lepidosauromorpha | lizards and snakes. secondarily aquatic, shallow waters. carnivorous. live birth. capable of endothermy. genetic sex determination |
| major clades of lepidosauromorpha | three extinct: Placodonta and pleisiosaura and Ichthyosaura one extant: lepidosauria |
| placodonta | stocky short legged triassic period |
| plesiosiara | triassic to cretaceous. marine. live birth. extra bones on digits. rowing from limb. rigid neck |
| ichthyosaura | fins but without bone. for and hind limbs. most specialized of aquatic tetrapods in mesozoic. live birth |
| lepidosauria | determinate growth with is likely a derived character because crocodilians have intermediate growth Major Clades: sphenodontia and squamata (lizards and snakes) |
| extant orders of lepidosauria | sphenodontia (tautara) and squamata (suborders are sauria, serpentes, amphiisbaenia) |
| describe the locomotion of snakes | lateral undulation: moves head from one direction to other and body follows. rectilinear: stretch and contract like inch worm. concertina: s shape curve moves down body. side winding: moves sideways |
| under diapsids is the archosauromorpha. what are the primative clades of this group? | rhyncosauria: herbivores, 2 maxillary plates, several rows of teeth in each plate, extinct and replaced by synapsid prolacertiformes: mid permian-late triassic lizard like forms, long neck |
| under diapsids is the archosauromorpha. what is the more recent clade? | archosaura: laterally compressed teeth, antorbital fenestra, triangular orbit/ eye socket, 4th trochanter on femur, tendency toward bipedalism (walking on two legs), tendency toward four chambered heart |
| in the more recent clade of archosauromorpha called the archosaura list the orders and distinguish btwn them | order phytosauria: lack hard palate, nostrils anterior to eyes, smaller than modern crocodilians, all are extinct order crocodilia: hard palate, not all are extinct |
| what are the living species of the order crocodilia | alligatoridae: crocodylidae: Gavialidae |
| crocodylian characteristics include | -four chambered heart -vocalizations: which could represent communication between egg and mother, male territorial display, communication between offspring and mother -parental care: protect nests, communicate with egg, help hatch, long term associati |
| under archosaura is clade ornithodira which includes extinct dinosaurs and living dinosaurs (birds). under ornithodira is order Pterosauria which are | flying reptiles, not birds or dinosaurs but pterosaurs, great variation in size |
| what characteristics do the Pterosaurs and birds have in common? what characteristics differ between them? | hollow bone, well developed sternum, large eyes, large cerebellum, tendency to loss of teeth and horny beak (lightweight), bracing of skeleton for flight. the Pterosaur wings formed by elongation of the 4th digit while birds wings was the 2nd |
| list the suborders of Pterosauria | Rhamphorynchida: had a tail, appeared earlier in the fossil record Pterodactyla: lacked the tail |
| list and distinguish between suborders of testudines | pleurodira: side neck 79 species cryptodira: hidden neck 224 species |
| discuss social behavior probably present in dinosaurs | evidence of parental care and sexual selection and pack animals |
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mcdowellma
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