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Microbiology Chpt 18

Instructor Claudia Sellers

QuestionAnswer
Attenuated whole-agent vaccines use living but attenuated (weakened) microbes. Eg: measles
Inactivated whole-agent vaccines use microbes that have been killed, usually by formalin/phenol. Eg: Salk polio vaccine
Toxoids are inactivated toxins, are vaccines directed at the toxins produced by a pathogen. Eg: tetanus
Subunit vaccines use oly those antigenic fragments of a microorganis that best stimulate an immune response. Eg: Hepatitis B
Recombinant Vaccines are produced by genetic modification tecniques, meaning that other microbes are programmed to produce the desired antigenic fraction.
Conjugated vaccine developed to deal with the poor immune response of children to vaccines based on capular polysaccharides. Children's immune systems do not respond well to these antigens until 15-24 months. Eg: Haemophilus influenzae B
Explain how antibodies are used to diagnose diseases. As an antigen is introduced antibodies are synthesized,bind to receptors on surface B cells making antibodies specific to the antigen&bind to a site on the antigen known as the epitope.Antigens only bind to a specific epitope,but may have several epitopes
Explain how precipitation ring tests works. a cloudy line of precipitation (ring) appears in the area in which the optimal ratio has been reached (zone of equivalence.
Precipitation reaction involves the reaction of soluble antigens with IgG/IgM antibodies to form large, interlocking molecular aggregates call Lattices.
Attenuated whole-agent vaccines use living but attenuated (weakend) microbes often creating lifelong immunity to viruses. Eg: measles
Inactivated whole-agent vaccines use microbes that have been killed by formalin/phenol. Eg: inluenza
Toxoids inactivated toxins vacccines are specific to the pathogen which produces them. Eg: tetanus
Subunit vaccines use only those antigenic fragments of microorganism that best stimulate an immune respone.
Recombinant vaccine subunit vaccines that are produced by genetic modification techniques, meaning that other microbes are programmed to produe the desired antigenic fraction.
Direct agglutination test detect antigens against relatively large cellular antigens. Test is done in a microtite place which antibodies are diluted by 1/2 in desending order. The point in which the antibody no longer agglutinates is the ratio.
Indirect (passive) agglutination test the antibody reacts w/the soluble antigen adhering to the particles. In this test the particles are coated with antibodies to detect the antigens against which they are specific. Eg: strep throat test
Explain the bases for complement fixation test. This test is used to indicate the presence of antibodies to a known antigen. The complement will be combined (fixed) w/an antibody to react w/antigen. If it becomes fixed the RBC will not lyse. If lysed will turn red/pink.
Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines West Nile (for horses)
Sensitivity Probablility that the test is reactive i the specimen is a true positive
Specificity Probablility that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is a true negative
Immunologic-bases test Guinea pigs w/TB injected w/Mycobacterium tuberbulosis: site became red and slightly swollen.
hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs
hemagglutination inhibition antibodies prevent hemagglutination.
Precipitaion soluble antigens
Agglutination particulate antigens
Hemagglutination agglutination of RBCs
Neutralization inactivates toxin/virus
Fluorescent-antibody technique antibodies linked to flourescent dye
Complement fixation RBCs are indicator
ELISA peroxidase enzyme is the indicator
Created by: Shellzzz
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