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BIO 107
Test on 11,12,14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the stages of Interphase | Gap 1, S phase (DNA synthesis), Gap 2 |
| What happens in Gap 1 | The cell preps for S phase |
| What happens in S phase | DNA replicates and each chromosome is duplicated |
| What happens in Gap 2 phase | Cell preps for mitosis (ex. synthesizing componets of microtubles) |
| What are chromosomes made of | Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and protein |
| What phase does chromosomes first become visible in a light microscope | During prophase |
| How does prokaryote and eukaryote chromosomes differ | Prokaryotes have 1 chromosome (single molecule of DNA, usually circular) Eukaryotes have many linear chromosomes (replication and segregation are more intricate |
| What part of interphase is DNA synthesized | S phase |
| Does a typical cell perform meiosis | NO ONLY sex cells undergo meiosis |
| What is the role of CDks and cyclins | Transitions in interphase and mitosis depend on the activation of cdks. The activation of cdks is regulated by the presence or absence of cyclins |
| What kinds of factors can stimulate cell division | Interleukins Erythropietin Platelet derived growth factor |
| What are histones and where are they located | Histones are proteins around which DNA wraps to form a beadlike nucleosomes (happens in the nucleus) Nucleosomes twist into coils that become very condensed chromatin fibers that make chromosomes |
| What do centrosomes do | Centrosomes orient the mcrotubules in the eukaryotic cells. In the S phase- a centrosome doubles to make a pair of centrosomes... the 2 centrosomes seperate and move to opposite ends of the nuclear envelope during the G2 and M transition. |
| What region of the chromosomes do the microtubles that form the mitotic spindle attach | The kinetochore microtubles attach to a specialized structure called the kinetochore in the centromere region of the chromosome. |
| How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells | Plasma membrane of animal cells pinch in 2 due to a contractile ring of microfilaments. Plant cells form a cell plate that is the beginning of the new cell walls. |
| How are microfilaments involved in cytokinesis in animal cells | they cause the plasma membrane of the animal cells to pinch into 2 |
| What is the difference between the products of asexual and sexual reproduction | Asexual reproduction (mitosis) produces genetically identical cells (mitosis) Sexual reproduction begins with meiosis which involves 2 cell divisions but only one round of chromosomes reproduce |
| How does mitosis differ from meiosis | Asexual =Mitosis (produces genetically identical cells), Sexual= Meiosis (involves 2 cell divisions and produces haploid gametes...offspring differs genetically from parents) |
| What means does sexual reproduction increase genetic variability (what are crossing over and independent assortments) | Crossing Over = reshuffles genetic information between homologous pairs of chromosomes during meiosis 1. Independant assortment is the chance way chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate and divide between daughter cells. Both + genetic varib |
| What is aneuploidy | Chromosomes are either present in excess or lacking altogether |
| What makes are organism a good candidate for genetic studies | Can be grown in large quantities in a short period of time Cross fertilization can be controled True Breeding varieties are available Variations in the traits are present |
| What is True Breeding | Organisms are True Breeding if observed traits have been present for many generations |
| What is the difference between a dominant and recessive gene? | Dominant = has the ability to determine the phenotype in a heterozygous individual that carries a copy of each the dominant and recessive gene Recessive= does not determine the phenotype when paired with a dominant gene |
| What is homozygous vs heterozygous | Homozygous= has identical alleles of a gene Heterozygous= has different alleles in a gene |
| What is a test cross | Crossing a individual presenting a dominant trait with a homozygous recessive individual in order to determine whether the first is homo or heterozygous for the trait |
| What is a allele | It is a alternate form of a gene found at a given locus on the chromosome |
| What is pleiotrophy | The determination of more than one character by a single gene (coloration/crossed eyes in a siamese cat) |
| What is codominance | Occurs when 2 different alleles make 2 phenotypes in the same (heterozygous) individual This is seen in the ABO blood types |
| What is epistasis | One gene affects the phenotype expression of another gene. ex coat color in labrador and one for pigment deposition |
| T/F A man who is hemizygous for a trait typically carries the gene for the trait on his Y chromosome | False |
| What are plasmids | DNA molecules indépendant of a chromosome (Found in bacteria) May be replicated independently and transferred between individuals |
| What is the difference between RNA and DNA | RNA= 1 polynucleic strand, sugar is ribose, contains Uracil instead of Thyamine DNA= 2 polynucleic strands, sugar is deoxyribose, contains thyamine |
| What type of molecules carries a copy of the gene sequence from the nucleus to the cytoplasm | Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| What is the difference between mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA | mRNA= carries a copy of the gene sequence from the nucleus to the cytoplasm tRNA= carries amino acids to ribosomes for polypeptide assembly rRNA= catalyzes the polypetide bonds and provides structure for the assembly |
| What is the once exception to the central dogma of molecular biology | Retrovirus |
| What is the role of the promoter | A special sequence of DNA (nucleic acids) that tells the RNA polymerase where to start transcribing |
| What are exons and introns | Exons= coding sequences of DNA Introns= non coding sequences of DNA |
| Of what are ribosomes made of | Proteins and small RNAs |
| What catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds during translation | rRNA |
| Describe the sequence of ribosomal sites occupied by tRNA during translation | A site (amino acid), P site (poly peptide site where amino acid is added to a growing chain), E site (exit site) |
| what organelle finishes the process of translation for some membrane bound and exported proteins | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What are poly a tails | long sequences of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mRNA before it leaves the nucleus |
| What are 5' G caps | a chemically modified GTP added to the 5' end of mRNA before it leaves the nucleus (prevents digestion of the ribonucleases that break down RNA and help to bind mRNA to ribosome for translation) |
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