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Chapter 21
Abdomen
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Linea alba | a tendinous seam joining the muscles midline |
| Rectus abdominis | Forms a strip extending the length of the midline |
| All the internal organs are the viscera | (blank) |
| The solid viscera are those that maintain a characteristic shape | (liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal |
| The spleen | is a soft mass of lymphatic tissue on the posterolateral wall of the abdominal cavity, immediately under the diaphragm, Lies obliquely with its long axis behind and parallel to the 10th rib, lateral to the midaxillary line, Its width extends from the 9th |
| The abdominal aorta | is just to the left of midline in the upper part of the abdomen, It descends behind the peritoneum and at 2 cm below the umbilicus, it bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries opposite the 4th lumbar vertebra., You can palpate the aortic |
| The pancreas | is a soft, lobulated gland located behind the stomach, Stretches obliquely across the posterior abdominal wall to the left upper quadrant. |
| The bean shaped kidneys | are retroperitoneal, or posterior to the abdominal contents ,Well protected by the posterior ribs and musculature, The left kidney lies at the 11th and 12th ribs, Because of the placement of the liver, the right kidney rests 1 to 2 cm lower than the left |
| The costovertebral angle | The 12th rib forms an angle with the vertebral column |
| Gastric acid secretion decreases with aging | This may cause pernicious anemia (because it interferes with vitamin B12 absorption), iron deficiency anemia, and malabsorption of calcium |
| The incidence of gallstones increases with age | 10% to 20% of middle aged and older adults, More common in females |
| Constipation | True constipation is having a bowel movement less often than every 3rd day, Constipation is often confused with the passage of hard or small stools, the feeling of incomplete evacuation, or the need to strain at stool for constipation, Of those aging pe |
| Common causes of constipation | Decreased physical activity, Inadequate intake of water, Low fiber diet, Side effects of medications, Irritable bowel syndrome,Bowel obstruction, Hypothyroidism, Inadequate toilet facilities (i.e., difficulty ambulating to the toilet may cause the person |
| Lactose intolerant (or lactase deficiency) | Lactase is the digestive enzyme necessary for the absorption of the carbohydrate lactose (milk sugar), Some racial groups, lactase activity is high at birth but declines to low levels by adulthood, |
| Lactose intolerance Symptoms | Abdominal pain, Bloating, Flatulence, Incidence of lactose intolerance, 70% to 90% in blacks, Native Americans, Asians, and Mediterranean groups |
| Referred Pain | (blank) |
| Liver Referred Pain | Hepatitis may have mild to moderate, dull pain in right upper quadrant or epigastrium, along with anorexia, nausea, malaise, low grade fever |
| Esophagus Referred Pain | Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a complex of symptoms of esophagitis, including burning pain in mid epigastrium or behind lower sternum that radiates upward, or "heartburn." Occurs 30 to 60 minutes after eating; aggravated by lying down or bend |
| Gallbladder Referred Pain | Cholecystitis is biliary colic, sudden pain in right upper quadrant that may radiate to right or left scapula, and which builds over time, lasting 2 to 4 hours, following ingestion of fatty foods, alcohol, or caffeine. Associated with nausea and vomiting |
| Pancreas Referred Pain | Pancreatitis has acute, boring midepigastric pain radiating to the back and sometimes to the left scapula or flank, severe nausea, and vomiting |
| Duodenum Referred Pain | Duodenal ulcer typically has dull, aching, gnawing pain, does not radiate, may be relieved by food, and may awaken the person from sleep |
| Stomach Referred Pain | Gastric ulcer pain is dull, aching, gnawing epigastric pain, usually brought on by food, radiates to back or substernal area. Pain of perforated ulcer is burning epigastric pain of sudden onset that refers to one or both shoulders |
| Appendix Referred Pain | Appendicitis typically starts as dull, diffuse pain in periumbilical region that later shifts to severe, sharp, persistent pain and tenderness localized in RLQ (McBurney's point), Pain is aggravated by movement, coughing, deep breathing; associated with |
| Kidney Referred Pain | Kidney stones prompt a sudden onset of severe, colicky flank or lower abdominal pain |
| Small intestine Referred Pain | Gastroenteritis has diffuse, generalized abdominal pain, with nausea, diarrhea |
| Colon Referred Pain | Large bowel obstruction has moderate, colicky pain of gradual onset in lower abdomen, bloating. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has sharp or burning, cramping pain over a wide area; does not radiate, Brought on by meals, relieved by bowel movement |
| Borborygmus | hyperperistalsis |
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holtanmir
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