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Biology
Chapter 15 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| One Gene/One polypetide hypothesis | Clearly states the molecular relationship between genotype and phenotype. |
| Central Dogma | Genotype to phenotype requires info stored in DNA to be converted to protein. |
| Transcription | The enzyme-catalyzed assembly of an RNA molecule complementary to a strand of DNA |
| Translation | The assembly of protein on the ribosomes, using mRNA to specify the order of amino acids |
| Template strand | The DNA strand that is used as a template in transcription. This strand is copided to produce a complementary mRNA transcript |
| Coding strand | The strand of a DNA duplex that is the same as the RNA encoded by a gene. This strand is not used as a template in transcription, it is complementary to the template. |
| mRNA | The RNA transcribed from structural genes; RNA molecules complementary to a portion of one strand of DNA, which are translated by the ribosomes to form protein. |
| tRNA | A class of small RNAs (about 80 nucleotides) with two functional sites; at one site, an "activating enzyme" adds a specific amino acid, while the other site carries the necleotide triplet (anticodon) specific for that amino acid. |
| rRNA | A class of RNA molecules found, together with characteristic proteins, in ribosomes; transcribed from the DNA of the nucleolus |
| snRNA | In eukaryotes, a small RNA sequence that, as part of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex, facilitates recognition and excision of introns by base-pairing with the 5' end of an intron or at a branch site of the same intron |
| SRP | In eukaryotes, a cytoplasmic complex of proteins that recognizes and binds to the signal sequence of a polypeptide, and then docks with a receptor that forms a channel in the ER membrane. In this way the poypeptide is released into the lumen of the ER. |
| microRNA | A class of RNAs that are very short and only recently could be detected. |
| Codon | The basic unit of the genetic code; a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that codes for one amino acid. |
| Intron | Portion of mRNA as transcribed from eukaryotic DNA that is removed by enzynes before the mature mRNA is translated into protein |
| Exon | A segment of DNA that is both transcribed into RNA and translated into protein. |
| Point mutation | An alteration of one nucleotide in a chromosomal DNA molecule. |
| Frameshift Mutation | A mutation in which a base is added or deleted from the DNA sequence. These changes alter the reading frome downstream of the mutation. |
| Translocation | (1)In plants, the long-distance transport of soluble food molecules (mostly sucrose), which occurs primarily in the sieve tubes of phloem tissue. (2) In genetics, the interchange of chromosome segments between nonhomologous chromosomes. |
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Caitlin_stafford
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