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EvolutionStudyTerms
For Dr. Roosenburg's Bios 1710 class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell concept | The concept that all cells come from existing cells. |
| Decent with Modification | variation occurs in heritable traits, so offspring have similar but varied genes as their parents. |
| Selection | Differential survivorship and reproduction among individuals within a population |
| Fitness | a measure of an organism’s ability to survive and leave fertile offspring. |
| Inductive reasoning | using specific observations to make a general explanation. |
| Deductive reasoning | predicting an explanation and then supporting or refuting the explanation through tests and observations. |
| Null hypothesis | the hypothesis you’re trying to test, usually that two groups are not different or that evolution has not occurred. |
| Independent variable | the variable which has an effect on your experiment. |
| Dependent variable | the thing you measure which has a response to the independent variable. |
| Control variable | any variable which might affect your results but which you hold constant. |
| Transitional features | phenotypic or genetic features which are intermediates between ancestral species and derived species. |
| Catastrophism | the theory that worldwide, violent events have occurred throughout the earth’s history. |
| Vestigal trait | a trait from a common ancestor that is reduced or incompletely present in the descendent. |
| Homology | a similarity in form due to common descent. |
| Developmental homology | similarity in developmental pathways due to common descent. |
| Adaptations | evolutionary modifications that allow an organism to better survive and reproduce. |
| Over-production | the concept that more individuals are born than the environment can support. |
| Variation | differences between individuals. |
| Differential Reproductive Success | individuals with certain traits have a better chance of surviving and reproducing than others with slightly different traits |
| Heritability | the ability of a trait to be passed to the next generation through the genetic code. |
| Acclimation | physiological changes which an INDIVIDUAL makes to better survive or reproduce in its environment. NOT genetic changes. |
| Darwinian fitness | a measure of the INDIVIDUAL’s contribution to the next generation. |
| Relative fitness | a measure of a GENOTYPE’s contribution to the next generation. |
| Fitness tradeoff | an evolutionary compromise which reduces an organism’s fitness in one way but enhances the fitness in another way. |
| Historical constraint | all traits evolve from preexisting traits, so evolution cannot make something completely new. |
| Macroevolution | the study of how new species evolve. |
| Microevolution | the study of the processes which cause genetic change and allele frequency change. |
| Phenotypic Variation | differences among organisms’ observable characteristics. |
| Genetic variation | differences among organisms’ DNA sequences. |
| Species | a group of populations with the ability to interbreed. |
| Population | a localized group of individuals in the same species |
| gene pool | a collection of all of the alleles for each gene in a population |
| diploid | an organism which has two alleles for each gene locus |
| Allele frequency | the proportion of an allele in the gene pool |
| Genotype frequency | the proportion of a genotype in the population |
| Hardy Weinburg Theorum | allele frequencies in a population will remain constant if no evolution is occurring. |
| Genetic Drift | changes in the gene pool due to chance |
| Inbreeding | mating between closely related individuals |
| Assortative Mating | mating between individuals of similar phenotypes |
| Mutation | a change to the genetic sequence of the germ line |
| Bottleneck Effect | a sudden reduction in population size resulting in random chance changes of the allele frequencies. |
| Founder Effect | the colonization of new territory by a few individuals, resulting in a population with reduced genetic variation. |
| Gene Flow | the movement of fertile individuals from one population to another, changing allele frequencies. |
| Stabilizing selection | individuals with intermediate phenotypes have higher fitness, which decreases the variance of a trait. |
| Directional selection | individuals with a phenotype at one extreme have higher fitness, so the average for the trait moves in one direction. |
| Disruptive selection | individuals with phenotypes at either extreme have higher fitness, so two different groups of individuals with differences in this trait are created. |
| Runaway selection | positive feedback of selection on an extreme trait creates a very exaggerated phenotype |
| Phenotypic plasticity | this occurs when the phenotype varies due to factors other than variation in the genotype (such as environmental factors.) |
| Discrete trait | a trait which has distinct, categorical values |
| Continuous trait | a trait which can have a range of values following the normal distribution. |
| Epistasis | multiple genetic loci affecting a single trait |
| Recombination | crossing over during meiosis providing new genetic combinations |
| Hybrid vigor | crossbreeding between varieties that produces more successful offspring |
| heterozygote advantage | heterozygote has greater fitness than either homozygote |
| Frequency dependent selection | the less common morph in a population has higher fitness |
| Clinal variation | genetic and phenotypic variation according to geographical differences |
| Allometry | difference of relative rates of growth for different parts of the body |
| Heterochrony | changes in developmental timing |
| Paedomorphosis | speciation caused by adults retaining larval characteristics |
| Progenesis | speciation caused by early sexual maturation of the larva. |
| Homeosis | alterations in the placement of different body parts |
| Hox genes | genes controlling the placement of body segments and parts |
| Anagenesis | the formation of a new species by transformation of an old species without any divergence event |
| Cladogenesis | the “branching” evolution where multiple daughter species are produced by a single parent species. |
| Allopatry | the presence of a geographical barrier separating populations and allowing speciation. |
| Vicariance | the splitting of populations by geological events. |
| Dispersal | the migration of individuals into a new habitat |
| Parapatry | speciation which occurs without geographic isolation |
| Reinforcement | selection favors traits that preventing interbreeding between species |
| Zone of introgression | a zone where two species interact to form hybrids |
| Evolutionary radiation | rapid divergent evolution within a lineage over a short time |
| Preadaptations | traits evolved for one function and adapted for a new function. |
| Exaptation | a trait evolved for one function and adapted for a new function. |
| Phylogenetics | the science of reconstructing an evolutionary history as a tree |
| Taxon | a group of related organisms |
| Node | the location on a phylogenetic tree where an ancestral group splits into two descendent taxa. |
| Cladistics | the study of grouping taxa based on synapomorphies |
| Ancestral | traits present in the common ancestor of all individuals in the taxon. |
| Derived | traits that arose within the group under study. |
| Pleisomorphies | ancestral traits |
| Apomorpies | derived traits |
| Synapomorphies | derived traits shared with other groups in a taxon |
| Parsimony | the criterion for cladistics requiring the fewest number of evolutionary changes |
| Outgroup | a closely related group outside the taxon under study, for comparison |
| Evolutionary reversal | reverting back to the ancestral condition |
| Homoplasy | similarity in function WITHOUT common decent |
| Convergent evolution | the evolution of similar phenotypes by independent evolutionary events |
| Parallel evolution | similar developmental processes in distinct taxa creating similar phenotypes |
| Monophyletic group | a group which contains an ancestor and all of its descendants |
| paraphyletic group | a group that does not contain all descendants of an ancestor |
| polyphyletic group | a group that has more than one ancestor |
| gradualism | evolutionary change occurs at a constant and steady pace |
| punctuated equilibrium | evolution is episodic characterized by burst of rapid change and long periods of stasis |
Created by:
sw326108
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