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A&P Chp. 5 Part 2
Joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Joints | Articulations of Bones |
| Functions of Joints | -holds bones together -allow for mobility |
| Two Ways Joints are Classified | -functionally -structurally |
| Functional Classification of Joints | based on the amount of movement allowed by the joints |
| Synarthroses | immovable |
| Amphiarthroses | slightly movable |
| Diarthroses | freely movable |
| Structural Classification of Joints | -fibrous joints -cartilageinous joints -synovial joints |
| Fibrous Joints | generally immovable |
| Cartilaginous Joints | immovable or slightly movable |
| Synovial Joints | freely movable |
| Fibrous Joints Characteristics | -joints joined by fibrous tissue (collagen) -no joint cavity -most are synarthrotic, few are ampiarthrotic |
| Three Types of Fiberous Joints | -sutures -syndesmoses -gompohses |
| Sutures | -"seams" -synarthrotic -between bones of the skull -become synostoses in middle age |
| Syndesmoses | -connected by a ligament -vary in length -can be synarthrotic -can be amphiarthrotic |
| Gomphosis | -peg-in-socket joint -synarthrotic -only example is the tooth with bony alveolar socket -fibrous component is the short periodontal ligaments |
| Cartilaginous Joints Characteristics | -bones connected by cartilage -no joint cavity |
| Two Types of Cartilaginous Joints | -synchrondrosis -symphysis |
| Synchondroses | -bar on plate of hyaline cartilage -most are synarthrotic -epiphyseal plates -joint between the first rib and manubrium |
| Symphyses | -"growing together" -articular surfaces of bones covered with articular cartilage -fuse into a pad or plate of fibrocartilage (compressible, resilent, shock absorber, strength with flexibility) -amphiarthrotic |
| Synovial Joints | -bones separated by a joint cavity -joint cavity filled with synovial fluid -all are diarthrotic -encompasses most of the joints of the body and all the joints of the limbs |
| General Structure of Synovial Joints | -5 distinguishing features -articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage, covers opposing bone, shock absorption) -joint (synovial) cavity that's filled with fluid |
| Articular Capsule Characteristics | -double-lined fibrous capsule -continuous with periostea of the articulating bones -inner synovial membrane line fibrous capsule internally -covers all non-hyaline internal joint surfaces |
| Synovial Fluid | -occupies all free space -reduces friction between cartilages -weeping lubrication, load based released of synovial fluid into and out of cartilage during movement |
| Reinforcing Ligaments | -intrinsic (capsular): thickened parts of fibrous capsule -extracapsular: outside capsule -intracapsular: deep to capsule |
| Bursae | -sacs of lubricant -flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane with synovial fluid |
| Tendon Sheath | -elongated bursa surrounding a tendon |
| Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints | -shape of articulating surfaces -ligaments -muscle tone |
| Shape of Articulating Surfaces | -shape determines type of movement but does not determine stability -bones usually "misfit" |
| Ligaments | -unite bones -direct and limit movement -joints comprises of only ligaments are not stable |
| Muscle Tone | -major stabilizing factor -tendons crossing joints are taut due to tone -sensory receptors monitor and maintain tone |
| Skeletal Muscle | -minimum two attachment points (origin + insertion) -contraction move the insertion toward the origin |
| Range of Motion is Variable | -nonaxial -uniaxial -biaxial -multiaxial |
| Nonaxial | no axis |
| Uniaxial | one axis |
| Biaxial | two axis |
| Multiaxial | multiple axis |
| Gliding Movements | -translation -one flat bone slips over another -no angular rotation (nonaxial) -intercarpals and intertarsals -vertebrae |
| Angular Movemtns | -increase or decrease the angle between two bones -movements may occur in any plane |
| Flexion | -bending -usually sagittal plane -DECREASE joint angle -bones get closer together |
| Extension | -bending -reverse of vlexion -INCREASES joint angle -usually sagittal plane |
| Hyperextension | -bending beyond a straight position |
| Dorsiflexion | -bending -sagittal plane -foot toward shin |
| Plantar Flexion | -bending -sagittal plane -pointing the toes |
| Abduction | -moving away -limb from midline -frontal plane |
| Adduction | -moving toward -limb to midline -frontal plane |
| Circumduction | -distal limb end moves in a circle -proximal end stationary -combination movement |
| Rotation | -turning of the bone around its own long axis -medial rotation: toward midline -lateral rotation: away from midline |
| Supination | -turning backward -ulna and radium parallel -palms face anteriorly |
| Pronation | -turning forward -radium rotates over ulna -palms face posteriorly |
| Inversion | -sole turns medially |
| Eversion | -sole turns laterally |
| Protraction | -non angular -transverse plane -anterior movement of the mandible |
| Retraction | -non angular -transverse plane -posterior movement of the mandleble |
| Elevation | -mandible moves superiorly |
| Depression | -mandible moves inferiorly |
| Opposition | -saddle joint -metacarpal and carpals -touching thumb to fingertips -allow grasping |
| Plane Joints | -flat articular sufaces -gliding movements -nonaxial -intercarpal and intertarsal joints -vertebral joints |
| Hinge Joints | -uniaxial -flexion and extension -cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-like depression of another -elbow |
| Pivot Joint | -uniaxial -rotation -rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of another -porximal radioulnar joint -atlas and dens of axis |
| Condyloid Joint | -biaxial -all angular motions (abduction, adduction, extension, flexion) -oval articular surface of one bone fits into a depression of another -wrist and knuckles |
| Saddle Joint | -biaxial -all angular motions (abduction, adduction, extension, flexion) -similar to condyloid, but greater freedom -each bone has both concave and convex areas -thumb |
| Ball and Socket | -multiaxial -all movements allowed -sphere or hemisphere articulates with a cup-like socket -shoulder and hip |
Created by:
Greenpeas
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