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SkeletalTissue7

Ch. 7 Skeletal Tissue Review (Anatomy)

QuestionAnswer
Composed of bones, cartilages and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body. Skeletal System
Study of bone... Osteology
___, the forerunner of most bones in embryonic and childhood development, covers many joint surfaces in the mature skeleton. Cartilage
Hold bones together at the joints... Ligaments
Attach muscle to bone... Tendons
Nearly all bones provide ___ for the muscles. Support
Bones enclose and ___ the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, pelvic organs and bone marrow Protect
Limb articulations, breathing and other such ___ are produced by the action of muscles on the bones Movement
The skeleton ___ calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into tissue fluid according to the body's needs. Stores
Bone tissue ___ the blood against excessive pH changes. Buffers
___ is the major producer of blood cells, including cells of the immune system Red Bone Marrow
Connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals. Osseous tissue
Hardening process of bone... Mineralization
Cranial bones... Flat bones
Humerus and femur... Long bones
Bones of the wrists and ankles... Short bones
Vertebrae and sphenoid bone of the skull... Irregular bones
The outer shell of a bone composed of dense white osseous tissue is called ___ Compact bone
Inner space enclosed by the compact bone shell... Medullary cavity
Loosely organized form of osseous tissue... Spongy bone
Long bone shaft... Diaphysis
Expanded head at head end of a long bone... Epiphysis
Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface where one bone meets another... Articular cartilage
___, minute holes through the bone, allow blood vessels to penetrate into the bone tissue Nutrient foramina
External sheath which covers a bone... Periosteum
The collagen fibers of the outer layer of the periosteum are continuous with tendons that bind muscle to bone... Perforating fibers
Thin layer of reticular connective tissue which lines the internal marrow cavity... Endosteum
In children, the ___ contists of hyaline cartilage which separates the marrow space of the epiphysis and the diaphysis Epiphyseal plate
Spongy bone layer within the cranium... Diploe
Stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other types of bone cells... Osteogenic cells
Bone-forming cells... Osteoblasts
Bone-destroying cells... Osteoclasts
Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited... Osteocytes
Tiny cavity in which osteocytes reside... Lacunae
Interconnecting channels which join lacunae... Canaliculi
May resorb bone matrix or deposit it, contribute to homeostatic maintenance of both bone density and blood concentrations, strain sensors, etc. Osteocytes
Increase the cell surface area of an osteoclast and enhance the efficiency of bone resorption... Ruffled border
The matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight, ___ organic material. 2/3
The matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight, ____ inorganic material 1/3
Crystallized calcium phosphate salt... Hydroxyapatite
Bone is in a class of materials that engineers call a ___, a combination of two basic structural materials Composite
Without ___, bone is excessively brittle, as in osteogenesis imperfecta. Protein
Without ___, a jogger's bones would shatter under the impact of running. Collagen
The ____ within bone enable it to support the weight of the body without sagging. Minerals
Layers of matrix concentrically arranged around the central canal... Concentric lamellae
A central canal and it's lamellae constitute one ___ Osteon
Central canals are joined by ___ Perforating canals
The skeleton receives about ___ of blood per minute Half a liter
Spongy bones consists of a lattice of delicate slivers of bone called ___ and thin plates called trabeculae. Spicules
Trabeculae are not randomly arranged but rather, develop along the bone's lines of ___ Stress
Myeloid tissue... Red Bone Marrow
Tissue that produces blood cells is called... Hemopoietic tissue
Fatty bone marrow which no longer produces blood... Yellow bone marrow
Produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle. Intramembranous ossification
Soft collagenous tissue similar to bone except for a lack of minerals... Osteoid tissue
Process in which bone is preceded by a hyaline cartilage "model" that is replaced by osseous tissue Endochonral ossification
Exists as an adult, when the cartilage is no longer dividing within the long bone... Epiphyseal line
Formation of bone... Osteogenesis
Bone tissue can grow only .... Appositionally
Can growth both interstitially and appositionally... Cartilage
States that the architecture of bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses Wolff's law of bone
Condition in which the long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood, while other bone's growth is unaffected Achondroplasia dwarfism
On average, bones have a greater ___ and mas in athletes and people engaged in heavy manual labor than they do in people who are not. Density
Crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue Mineral deposition
Calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as the lungs... Calculus
Osseous tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes and other organs and is called... Ectopic ossification
The osteoclast secretes an enzyme called ___ the digests the collagen of the bone matrix Acid phosphatase
The Urinary, respiratory and skeletal systems cooperate to maintain the body's ____. pH balance
Calcium deficiency... Hypocalcemia
Blood calcium excess... Hypercalcemia
Form of vitamin D produced by action of the skin, liver and kidneys which behaves like a hormone and raises the blood calcium concentration when needed Calcitriol
Softening of the bones in children... Rickets
Softening of the bones in adults... Osteomalacia
Secreted by clear cells of the thyroid gland and lowers the concentration of blood calcium when needed Calcitonin
Secreted when blood calcium is low and raises the blood calcium level by four mechanisms... Parathyroid hormone
___ levels are not regulated nearly as tightly as calcium levels nor do they need to be because they are not associated with any immediate functional disorder Phosphate
Required for collagen synthesis, bone growth and fracture repair Vitamin C
Promotes glycosaminoglycan synthesis (organic material in bone tissue) Vitamin A
Stimulates osteoblasts and promotes protein synthesis, thus promoting adolescent growth and epiphyseal closure Testosterone
Stimulates osteoblasts and adolescent growth; prevents osteoporosis Estrogen
Inhibits osteoclast activity, inhibiting growth hormone secretion and stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone Cortisol
Stimulates bone formation; significant bone loss occurs in untreated diabetes mellitus Insulin
Field of medicine dealing with bone disorders along with the prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of bones, joints and muscles Orthopedics
Break caused by abnormal trauma to bone Stress fracture
Break in a bone weakened by some other disease, such as bone cancer Pathological fracture
Fracture in which bone pieces remain in proper anatomical alignment... Nondisplaced fracture
Fracture in which at least one piece is shifted out of alignment with the other... Displaced fracture
Bone is broken into three of more pieces... Comminuted fracture
Bone is incompletely broken on one side but merely bend on the opposite side... Greenstick fracture
An uncomplicated fracture heals in about ___ weeks 8-12
Blood clot which results when a bone fracture severs blood vessels of the bone and periosteum... Fracture hematoma
Patches of fibrocartilage which is produced while some osteogenic cells become chondroblasts in the healing of a fracture... Soft callus
Bony collar produced when osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts during the healing of a fracture... Hard callus
Procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery... Closed reduction
Involves the surgical exposure of the bone and use of plates, screws or pins to realign the fragments... Open reduction
Most common bone disease... Osteoporosis
Excessive proliferation of osteoclasts and resoprtion of excess bone, with osteoblasts attempting to compensate and depositing unorganized new tissue Osteitis deformans
Inflammation of osseous tissue and bone marrow as a result of bacterial infection Osteomyelitis
Defect in collagen deposition that renders bones exceptionally brittle... Brittle bone disease
Most common and deadly form of bone cancer... Osteosarcoma
Created by: SavannahElkins
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