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Earthquakes Chapter6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stress | The movements of the Earth's plates creates enormous force that squeeze, pull or push rocks. |
| Tension | Pulling of the earth's crust causing it to thin |
| Compression | Squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
| Shearing | stress that pushes rock in two opposite directions |
| Normal Faults | Tension in the earth's crust pulls rock in apart (causing the hanging wall to move down) |
| Reverse Fault | Compression causes this fault to move (Hanging wall moves up) |
| Strike-Slip Faults | the faults move past each other in opposite directions using shearing. |
| Folding | the bending of the earth's crust without breaking |
| Anticline | an upward fold in the earth |
| Syncline | A downward fold in the earths crust |
| Fault-Block Mountain | two narrow parallel normal faults pulling the crust apart can form these mountains |
| Earthquake | the shaking and trembling of the earth that results from rock movement beneath the surface |
| Focus | The place beneath the earth that moves because of stress built up releasing an earthquake |
| epicenter | The area directly above the focus on the surface of the earth where the most violent shaking occurs |
| Seismic waves | Waves of energy that are created during an earthquake and are carried away from the focus |
| P waves (Primary Waves) | the fastest moving of the seismic waves moving in a compression expansion method. |
| S Waves (Secondary Waves) | Seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down |
| Surface waves | Start at the epicenter from P and S waves and are the most destructive. |
| Mercalli Scale | scale used to evaluate the level of an earthquake based on the damage that it does |
| Richter Scale | the rating of an earthquakes magnitude based on the size of an earthquakes seismic waves |
| Seismograph | an instrument that records and measures seismic waves |
| Moment Magnitude Scale | the rating is based on an estimate of the total amount of energy that an earthquake releases |
| Locating an epicenter | Scientists use the speed at which seismic waves travel to identify the epicenter. Need 3 stations to identify the epicenter |
| Tiltmeter | Instrument that measures vertical movement across a fault |
| Creep Meters | this instrument measures horizontal movement by using a wire stretched across a fault |
| Laser-Ranging Device | a laser is used to detect horizontal movement |
| GPS Satellites | Changes in vertical and Horizontal movement of a fault using Earth-orbiting satellites |
| Mapping of Faults using data | mapping of fault areas with movement instrument help scientist make predictions and earthquake risk |
| Earthquake Prediction | with all our knowledge we are still unable to accurately predict earthquakes and ground movements |
| Earthquake damage from shaking | Soils and rock help determine how much damage can be done with seismic waves |
| Liquefaction | earthquakes violent shaking can turn soils into mud because water rises up within the earth This can cause building to sink |
| Aftershocks | is an earthquake that occurs in the same location after a large quake |
| Tsunamis | when an earthquakes jolts the ocean floor causing the floor to rise up and push water into a giant wave that moves rapidly through the ocean |
| Earthquake safety in room | Drop, cover and hold onto the object over your head Outside move to an open area where you can not get hit with falling debris |
| base-isolated buildings | building rests on sock absorbing rubber pads |
| Large tall items in buildings | Fasten large items to the wall to keep them from falling on people |
| Utilities keeping safe | Install flexible hoses to stoves and furnaces to allow for movement during a quake and fasten down items so they will not tip over. |
| Ways to help keep buildings safe | dampers, flexible pipes, cross braces, tension ties |
Created by:
P-townMr. Green
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