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CellularEnergy8
Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Review (Biology)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What waste product of photosynthesis is released to the environment during photosynthesis phase I? | Oxygen |
| The internal membrane of the chloroplast that is organized into flattened membranous sacs | Thylakoids |
| Light-absorbing molecules called ___ are found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts | Pigments |
| Location of the first phase of photosynthesis | Thylakoid membrane |
| ___ is essential for the light reactions because it is necessary for ATP synthesis | Water |
| Enters the Calvin cycle to be joined with an existing carbon compound to form PGA | Carbon dioxide |
| Is the predecessor of all carbohydrates and is formed during the Calvin cycle | G3P |
| Must be regenerated so the Calvin cycle can continue another round | RuBP |
| NADPH and ATP are not ____ enough for photosynthesis to end with the ETC | Stable |
| Second phase of photosynthesis | Calvin cycle |
| Enzyme which converts remaining G3P into RuBP at the end of the Calvin cycle | Rubisco |
| Plants use the ___ formed during the Calvin cycle both as a source of energy and source of raw materials for growth and repair | Sugars |
| Biologist who studies the chemical products of plants | Phytochemist |
| Cannot make their own food... | Heterotrophs |
| Have the ability to manufacture their own food... | Autotrophs |
| Includes the citric acid cycle and the ETC; requires oxygen | Aerobic respiration |
| Initial stage of glucose breakdown which occurs within the cell's cytoplasm | Glycolysis |
| Process which does not require oxygen | Anaerobic |
| Type of bacterium that is photosynthetic; autotroph | Cyanobacterium |
| Glucose is broken down into G3P and then finally into ___ before the products are moved into the mitochondria to continue the process of cellular respiration | Pyruvate |
| Glycolysis has a NET yield of ___ ATP | 2 |
| The Citric acid cycle is also known as the ____ | Krebs cycle |
| A researcher who studies energy transfers in cells is known as a(n) ___ | Bioenergist |
| Electrons move along the mitochondrial membrane from one ___ to another; with each arrival, energy is released | Protein carrier |
| Final electron acceptor of the ETC during cellular respiration and produces water as a by-product | Oxygen |
| The electron transport chain is located on the ___ | Inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Glycolysis takes place in the ___ | Cytoplasm |
| The citric acid cycle takes place in the ___ | Mitochondrial matrix |
| ATP is formed when H+ move, down their concentration gradient, through ___ | ATP synthase |
| Generates small amounts of ATP to sustain cellular processes while the body regains it's balance of oxygen | Fermentation |
| Photosynthesis is a(n) ___ reaction; it stores energy | Anabolic |
| Cellular respiration is a(n) ___ reaction; it releases energy | Catabolic |
| The idea that energy cannot be created nor destroyed... | 1st law of thermodynamics |
| All chemical reactions within a cell... | Metabolism |
| Ability to do work... | Energy |
| Series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction... | Metabolic pathway |
| Biological molecule that provides chemical energy... | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Study of the flow and transformation of energy... | Thermodynamics |
| Source of nearly all energy for life... | Sunlight |
| Spontaneous increase in disorder or entropy.. | 2nd law of thermodynamics |
| Organisms which get their energy from inorganic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide... | Chemoautotrophs |
| Phase of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in glucose... | Calvin cycle |
| Pathway(s) that help(s) plants photosynthesize while minimizing water loss include ___ and C4 | CAM |
| Pathway that allows carbon dioxide to enter leaves only at night... | CAM photosynthesis |
| Light-independent reactions... | Calvin cycle |
| Organisms obtain energy in a process called... | Cellular respiration |
| Cellular respiration harvests electrons from ____ such as glucose and uses that energy to make ATP | Carbon compounds |
| Glucose is broken down into pyruvate... | Glycolysis |
| How many TOTAL ATP molecules are produced from glycolysis of one molecule of glucose? | 4 |
| (T/F) The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen is fermentation. | T |
| (T/F) The hydrogen necessary in the electron transport chain comes from the splitting of CO2 molecules | F |
| (T/F) Cellular respiration in eukaryotes is slightly more efficient than in prokaryotes | F |
| (T/F) The Krebs cycle is sometimes called the Calvin cycle | F |
| (T/F) Fermentation occurs in the mitochondria | F |
| (T/F) Skeletal muscle produces lactic acid when the body cannot supply enough oxygen for it's demands | T |
| (T/F) Alcohol fermentation is found in some bacteria and in some human cells | F |
| (T/F) Two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis result in two citric acid cycles | T |
| What do cells make and release as the main source of chemical energy? | ATP |
| The breaking down of pyruvate occurs during the ___ | Citric acid cycle |
| What are stacks of thylakoids called? | Grana |
| What is the main product formed during light-independent reactions? | Glucose molecules |
| Mechanism by which ATP is produced as a result of the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient; from the inside of the thylakoid to the stroma | Chemiosmosis |
| Photosynthesis takes place in the ___ | Chloroplasts |
| What does the 1st law of thermodynamics state? | Energy is conserved |
| Autotrophs that convert light energy into chemical energy... | Photoautotrophs |
| In lactic acid fermentation, ___ is converted to lactic acid | Pyruvate |
| What chemical bond in ATP releases the massive amount of stored energy when broken? | Phosphate |
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SavannahElkins
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