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Axial Skeleton II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| where is the vertebral column? what portion of total height of body? | it travels from the skull to the pelvis. makes up 2/5 of the total height of the body |
| what is the vertebral column? | a strong, flexible rod that can bend (ant, post, lat, and rotate) |
| what are the 5 functions of the vertebral column? | supports the weight of the head and neck. provides a site for muscle attachment. permits movement of head and trunk. encloses and protects the spinal cord. allows motor/sensory nerves to exit/enter the the spinal cord. |
| how many vertebrae are there? | 26 |
| what is the allocation of vertebrae types (how many of each?) | 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum (fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae) 1 coccyx (fusion of 4 coccygeal) |
| how many vertebrae are there when fetus? | 33 separate bones, b/c sacrum (5 bones) & coccyx (4 bones) have not fused yet |
| what is the general structure of a vertebra? | composed of a 1) body (centrum) 2)vertebral arch (neural arch) 3)processes(7) |
| how many processes are in a typical vertebrae? name them | 7 processes total. (2) superior articular processes (upward facing) (2) inferior articular processes (lower-facing) (2) transverse processes & (1) spinous process. |
| what kind of joint exists between vertebrae? | synovial joints (gliding joints) |
| body (centrum) of vertebra | the anterior portion. Thick and disc-shaped, it is a mass of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone. Functions as weight bearing portion of the vertebra. |
| describe the vertebral arch | aka (neural arch). posterior portion of vertebra. composed of 2 short, thick processes known as pedicles (which angle away from the body), & 2 lamina which come back together to meet the spinous process. the resulting space= vertebral foramen. |
| explain the passage of the spinal cord as well as spinal nerves which exit and enter the spinal cord. | many vertebral foramina (space within the vertebral arches) form a vertebral canal, which forms vertical passage of the spinal cord. the spinal nerves enter and exit laterally thru the intervertebral foramen (formed by notches in the pedicles of adj vert. |
| pedicle | part of vertebral arch, either of the pair of "footlike", short & thick processes which attach to body of vertebra and angle outward toward transverse process. |
| lamina | part of vertebral arch, either of the pair of bone processes flaring out from the pedicles and fusing together at the midline to complete the posterior part of the arch and provide a base for the spinous process. |
| intervertebral foramen | any of the openings that give passage to the spinal nerves to/from the vertebral canal and are formed by the juxtaposition of superior and inferior notches in the pedicles of contiguous vertebrae |
| intervertebral disc: what is it and what portion of length of vertebral column? | the cushioning "pad" located between each vertebra. put together they account for 1/4 the length of the vertebral column |
| what makes up the intervertebral disc? | made of anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus |
| anulus fibrosus | the outer portion of the intervertebral disc; a fibrous ring made of fibrocartilage |
| nucleus pulposus | the inner portion of the intervertebral disc. soft, pulpy, highly elastic gelatinous mass. |
| why are the intervertebral discs important? | 1) absorb vertical shock (flatten, broaden & bulge under compression) 2) permit various movements in vertebral column |
| what are the regions of the vertebral column, what are the names of region and boundaries? | cervical vertebrae C1-C7 thoracic vertebrae T1-T12 lumbar vertebrae L1-L5 sacrum S1-S5 coccyx Co1-Co4 |
| what is the general trend of vertebrae at each region of vertebral column? | the vertebrae in each region have specific physical characteristics that blend at the boundaries between regions |
| cervical vertebrae: general? | C1-C7: the skeleton of the neck. they are the smallest and lightest of vertebrae, with very small bodies. (they only have the weight of the head to hold up) |
| what are the distinguishing characteristics of a cervical vertebra? | 1)transverse foramen in the transverse process: allows vertebral arteries to pass through, carrying blood to the brain. 2)bifid spinous process (except c2 & c7) |
| C1: what is it, what does it do, what makes it different from other vertebrae | Atlas. highly modified ring of bone which holds the head up. On each side there is a lateral mass which contain articular facets that articulate w occipital condyles of skull. It does NOT have a body. there are no discs between C1 & C2 |
| the joint between C1 & the skull: what is the articulation and what motion does it allow | atlanto-occipital joints. articulation of superior articular facets of atlas with the occipital condyles of skull: allows the "yes" nodding motion of head |
| C2: what is it, what does it do, what makes it different from other vertebrae | Axis. has a tooth-like projection of bone called the dens (or "odontoid process"). This projection is held in place at the facet of atlas by the transverse ligament, forming a specialized type of articulation called the "atlantoaxial joint" |
| the joint between C1 & C2: what is the articulation and what motion does it allow | "atlantoaxial joint" specialized type of articulation between the atlas and axis; articulation of the dens of C2 and the facet for dens of C1, which is held in place by the transverse ligament. forms a pivot joint that allows the head shaking "no" motion |
| c3-c7 | "normal" cervical vertebrae |
| thoracic vertebrae (general) how does each one articulate with the rib? | T1-T12: each thoracic vertebra articulates bilaterally with the ribs. T1-T10 have "costal facets" on the transverse processes that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs. T11-T12 have NO costal facets b/c these last 2 ribs only attach 2 bodies of vert. |
| distinguishing characteristics of thoracic vertebrae? | 1)bodies are bigger than cervical vertebrae 2)spinous processes are relatively pointed and angled sharply down. |
| lumbar vertebrae (general): what are they? where does the spinal cord end? | L1-L5: the largest and strongest vertebrae. spinal cord itself ends around L3 |
| distinguishing characteristics of lumbar vertebrae? | largest bodies: thick, stout body. blunt, squarish spinous processes that come off relatively straight back |
| Sacrum | S1-S5: triangular bone, fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae which begin to fuse at 16-18 years old, complete by age 26. |
| ala *of sacrum* | large, rough wing-like extensions of sacrum |
| superior articular process *of sacrum* | articulates with L5 |
| sacral promontory | body of the sacrum, it sticks out anteriorly and supports body of L5 |
| median sacral crest | spinous processes of sacral vertebrae which fuse into a ridge |
| sacral canal | runs through the sacrum, contains spinal nerve roots |
| sacral hiatus | end of the sacral canal |
| posterior sacral foramina | transmit the dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves |
| anterior sacral foramina | transmit the ventral rami of the sacral spinal nerves |
| auricular surface | *of the sacrum* articular surfaces on lateral aspects of sacrum, articulate with the ilium on each side |
| coccyx | Co1-Co4: shaped like a "cuckoo's bill" fuse by 20-30 years old |
| what are the three main ligaments that hold the vertebral column together? | anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, supraspinous ligament |
| anterior longitudinal ligament | broad sheath along anterior surface of the vertebral bodies. |
| posterior longitudinal ligament | narrow sheath along posterior surface of vertebral bodies (so although it is superficial to the anterior longitudinal ligament, it is inside the column; lines part of vertebral canal) |
| supraspinous ligament | formed as a continuation of the nuchal ligament that comes from external occipital protuberance and changes to supraspinous ligament as it goes down the vertebral column |
| function of the curves in the vertebral column? | increases strength, incr resilience, incr balance, incr flexibility of the vertebral column |
| scoliosis | lateral deviation of the spine |
| lateral deviation of spine is called..? | scoliosis |
| kyphosis | AKA "hunchback": exaggerated thoracic curvature. |
| exaggerated thoracic curvature is called...? | kyphosis AKA hunchback |
| lordosis | AKA "swayback": exaggerated lumbar curvature |
| exaggerated lumbar curvature is called...? | lordosis AKA "swayback" |
| Bony thorax | the skeletal part of the chest, including the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. |
| sternum: what is layman's term, what is it made of? | "breastbone" made up of a manubrium, body (gladiolus) and xiphoid process |
| manubrium | triangular superior portion of sternum |
| body of sternum | "gladiolus" middle and largest portion |
| xiphoid process | inferior and smallest portion of sternum: during CPR it can lacerate the liver |
| jugular notch | AKA suprasternal notch. the superior margin of the manubrium, can be palpated midline |
| sternal angle: what is it and why is it important? | a prominence found at the point where the manubrium joins the body of sternum. important because it can locate the 2nd rib |
| what attaches to the manubrium? | clavicle (at clavicular notch), 1st rib and part of 2nd rib |
| what attaches to the body of the sternum? | part of rib 2 - rib 7 |
| how do ribs 8-10 attach to sternum? what are they known as? | they attach through rib 7's costal cartilage. so they are called "false ribs" |
| how do ribs 11 & 12 attach to sternum? what are they known as? | they do not attach to sternum at all. they are part of the 5 "false ribs", specifically they are called "floating ribs" |
| how many pairs of ribs are there? | 12 |
| how are the ribs classified? | 1-7 = "true ribs" which all attach with their own costal cartilages to the sternum 8-12 ="false ribs". 8-10 do not attach with their own cartilage (they attach thru rib 7's cartilage) & the last two of the false ribs(11-12)="floating"= don't attach at al |
| costal cartilages | the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs; they are flexible, its elasticity permits the thoracic cavity to expand during respiration |
| head *of rib* | articulates with the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae (has superior & inferior articular facets) |
| neck *of rib* | narrowing between head and tubercle |
| tubercle | articulates with the transverse costal facet on same # rib (rib 9 to vertebra 9) |
| body *of rib* | main part of rib |
| angle *of rib* | point of greatest curvature in body of rib. Weakest part of rib, where it will most likely break |
| sternal end *of rib* | from here, connects to costal cartilage which connects to sternum |
| separated rib | dislocation between a rib and its costal cartilage |
| what is the definition of Spina bifida? | it is a congenital defect of the vertebral column in which laminae fail to fuse at the midline (or even fail to form altogether) during development. |
| when laminae fail to fuse at midline (spina bifida), what does this cause, structurally & symptomatically? | causes protrusion of the membranes around the spinal cord. if severe enough it leads to partial or complete: paralysis & loss of urinary bladder control.. also absence of reflexes. interferes w normal nerve function below the point of the defect. |
| how is spina bifida diagnosed? | can be diagnosed prenatally by a test of the mother's blood, sonography, or withdrawal of amniotic fluid for analysis |
| result of separated rib? | as a result of the dislocation, the rib can move, override adjacent ribs, and cause pain |
| most common separation of rib? | separation of 10th rib is most common. |
| significance of angle of rib? | the angle is the weakest part of the rib and may be fractured in a crushing accident, such as automobile accident |
| cervical ribs? | the transverse process of C7 may form separate bones called cervical ribs. they can be just tiny pieces of bone or may be long enough to reach sternum. |
| lumbar ribs? | the first lumbar vertebra may develop lumbar ribs. |
| whiplash | traumatic hyperextension of the cervical vertebrae. the flexible vertebral column may become hyperextended as a result of a sudden acceleration of the body (i.e. in "rear end" car accidents: body is forced forward while head remains stationary) |
| 2 common injuries resulting from whiplash? what can these injuries cause? | fracture of the spinous processes of C vertebrae & ruptured discs (with anterior tear of anulus fibrosus). both injuries can cause posterior pressure on spinal cord or spinal nerves & strained or torn muscles, tendons and ligaments |
| why is the sternal angle important, clinically? | the 2nd rib is found lateral to it & can be used as a starting point for counting the other ribs. |
| You can find the 2nd rib by locating the sternal angle, subsequently using it as a starting point for counting ribs. Why is counting ribs important? | they are landmarks used to locate structures in the thorax, such as areas of the heart. |
| what is the sternum often used as? | a site for taking red bone marrow samples because it is readily accessible. |
| xiphoid process significance? | because it is attached only at its superior end, it may be broken during CPR and may lacerate the liver |
| how does a herniated disc result? | herniated (or ruptured) disc results from a crack or ballooning of the anulus fibrosus which causes partial or complete release of the nucleus pulposus to ooze through the crack. |
| what does the herniated part of the disc do? | it may push against the spinal cord or spinal nerves, compromising their normal function and producing pain. |
| what discs are more commonly herniated? | herniation of the inferior lumbar intervertebral discs is most common, but herniation of the inferior cervical discs is almost as common |
| how are herniated/ruptured discs repaired? | 1) prolonged bed rest= based on tendency 4 herniated part of disc 2 recede & annulus fibrosus 2 repair itself 2)surgery: damaged disc is removed and piece of hipbone is sometimes inserted into the space, & the adj vert become fused by bone across the ga |
| where are dislocations/fractures more common in vertebral column and why? | because the cervical vertebrae are rather delicate and have small bodies, dislocations & fractures are more common in this area than in other regions of column. |
| lumbar vertebrae: tendency for fractures & herniation of discs? | because lumbar vertebrae have massive bodies and carry a large amount of weight, fractures are less common but ruptured intervertebral discs are more common here than in other regions of vertebral column. |
| coccyx: tendency for damage? | the coccyx is easily broken in a fall in which a person sits down hard on a solid surface |
| laminectomy: what is it and why? | it is the removing of a lamina. In some surgical procedures, (such as removal of intervertebral disc), the vertebrae are in the way. laminectomy solves this |
| spina bifida: most common where? | most common in lumbar region of vertebral column |
| cleft lip vs cleft palate | during development, the facial bones sometimes fail to fuse with one another. Cleft lip results if maxillae do not form normally, while a cleft palate occurs when the palatine processes of the maxillae do not fuse with one another. |
| what does cleft palate produce? | cleft palate produces an opening between the nasal and oral cavities, making it difficult to eat or drink or to speak distinctly |
| how to fix a cleft palate in a newborn? | an artificial palate may be inserted into a newborns mouth until the palate can be repaired |
| nasal septum | a partition of bone and cartilage between the nasal cavities. |
| nature of nasal septum alignment? | the nasal septum is usually located in the midsagittal plane until a person is 7 years old. thereafter it tends to deviate, or bulge slightly to one side or other. |
| how does a septum deviate? | the septum can deviate abnormally at birth or, more commonly as a result of injury. |
| what can a deviated septum cause? | the deviation can be severe enough to block the nasal passage on one side and interfere with normal breathing. severe deviation requires surgery to repair |
| what happens when driver's nose strikes steering wheel in auto accident? | the cribriform plate may be fractured, in which case cerebrospinal fluid from the cranial cavity may leak through the fracture into the nose. this leakage is a dangerous sign and requires immediate medical attention because the risk of infection is high |
| martial arts? | one self-defense maneuver in martial arts involves an open-handed chop with the base of the hand to an assailant's nose, which may break the cribriform plate. |
| head injury that sheers the cribriform plate...? | if the cribriform plate is fractured & olfactory nerves are severed, you can lose sense of smell. |
| why are temporal lines important to anthropologists? | a heavy temporal line suggests a strong temporalis muscle supporting a heavy jaw. in male gorilla the termporalis muscles are so large = temporal lines meet in midline of the skull to form a heavy sagittal crest. |
| weak point of skull? | the superolateral corner of the orbit, where the zygomatic and frontal bones join, is a weak point in the skull that is easily fractured by a severe blow to that region of the head. bone tends to collapse into orbit, resulting in an injury=diff. 2 repair |
Created by:
kalmetina
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