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Biology 150 Exam II
Chapter 26
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| Systematics | a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
| Taxonomy | a scientific discipline of how organisms are named and classified |
| Binomial (nomenclature) | the two-part format of the scientific name |
| Genus (plural,genera) | the first part of the scientific name in the binomial, to which the species belongs |
| Specific Epithet | the second part of the scientific name in the binomial, unique for each species within the genus |
| Clades | biologists place species into groups, each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants |
| Sister Taxa | groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor branch point |
| Node | also called branch point |
| Homoplasy | correspondence between parts or organs acquired as the result of parallel evolution or convergence |
| Homology | likeness in structure between parts of different organisms (as the wing of a bat and the human arm) due to evolutionary differentiation from a corresponding part in a common ancestor |
| Synapomorphy | a character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestral form |
| Symplesiomorphy | is an ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa. A symplesiomorphic trait is also shared with other taxa that have an earlier last common ancestor with the taxa under consideration. |
| Monophyletic (from the greek meaning “single tribe”) | signifying that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants |
| Paraphyletic: (“beside the tribe”) | consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants |
| Polyphyletic: (“many tribes”) | includes taxa with different ancestors |
| Parsimony | the least evolutionary change to explain some observed data |
| Orthologous Genes (from the greek orthos, straight) | refers to homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation |
| Paralogous Genes (from the greek para, beside) | result from gene duplication, so they are found in more than one copy in the same genome |
| Molecular Clock | a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates |
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