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Cell Biology
test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A cells response to a signal is slow when it involves what | Slow often involves synthesis of some molecule from scratch |
| A cells response to a signal is fast when it involves what | Fast entails moving or simple modification of existing molecules |
| Most hormones bind to | to cell surface receptors |
| Some hormones do what instead of binding to cell surface receptors | some cross the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors |
| Hormones that bind to intracellular receptors | must freely pass through the plasma membrane (lipids and gases) |
| How do activator proteins (transcription factors) increase production of response proteins | by binding to enhancer elements of the DNA to increase mRNA production |
| Nitric oxide and blood pressure system | nitric oxide diffuses out of ECs into smooth muscle where it stimulates cGMP synthesis that stimulates relaxation and decreases blood pressure and flor |
| Signaling molecules that communicate over long distances in an organism are called | hormones |
| Transcription factors bind to | DNA enhancer sites |
| blood pressure can be reduced by | Nitric oxide |
| When endothelial cells are activated to relax they produce more | cGMP |
| Fatty acids play a role in | membrane structure and can be converted into signaling molecules |
| signaling eicosanoids are produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids that were in the form of | phospholipids |
| Conversion of free arachidonic acid into a pro-inflammatory eicosanoid can be blocked by | NSAIDS |
| During stimulation the fatty acids are cleaved off by | phospholipase a2 |
| Which processes are regulated by eicosanoids | blood clotting, pressure, platelets activation and inflammation |
| A phosphate is added to a protein by a | protein kinase |
| Intracellular signaling molecules may | relay signal, amplify signal, integrate multiple signals, distribute signal |
| G- protein coupled receptors are involved in | glycogen breakdown, vision, smell, chemotaxis |
| Which receptors are found in the plasma membrane | ion channel couples receptors, g protein coupled receptors, enzyme coupled receptors |
| which type of receptor has the most different types | g protein coupled receptors |
| G protein coupled receptors work by binding to and activating | g proteins |
| what are the parts of an inactive g protein complex | alpha, beta, Y, GDP |
| GTP does what to GDP | hydrolizes, then to GTPase |
| protein kinase C activity requires | Ca, IP3, phospholipase C, diacylglyceral. (doesn't involve Akt) |
| Which phospholipase cleaves a fatty acid from the 2 position of the glycerol? | PLA2 |
| Cyclic AMP can activate | enzymes |
| Effector proteins that are activated by G proteins include | adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, K channel, protein kinase c |
| Effects of PLC activity (phospholipase c) | glycogen breakdown, amylase secretion, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation |
| most enzyme coupled receptors work through | kinases |
| Ras activation requires action of | ras activation protein, gtp, receptor tyrosine kinase, growth factor |
| MAP kinase kinase is activated by the action of | MAP kinase kinase kinase |
| AKT (PKB) binds to what membrane lipid to become activated | phophatidylinositalbisphosphate |
| mitogenosis | the initiation of mitosis |
| mitogen | a molecule that initiates mitosis |
| Bcl2 blocks apoptosis following its activation by | Bad |
| Water loss from plant leave stomatal guard cells requires | ABA, ca channel opening, k channel closing |
| a major ripening hormone in fruit repining is | ethylene |
| Plants balance CO2 uptake by | ABA stimulates Ca uptake, releases ca from vacuole, stimulates k efflux, causes water loss, causes stomate closure |
| Fruit ripening process | signaled by ethylene, binds to ethylene receptor, inactivates protein kinase, allows activation of a transcription factor, stimulates synthesis of proteins involved in ripening |
| Learning without thought is labor lost | confucious |
| If a cell is undergoing phagocytosis it is most likely trying to take in | nutrients |
| what happens to organelles that are damaged beyond repair | they are taken through autophagy |
| following endocytosis the receptors involved will generally end up in the | plasma membrane |
| what molecules can be broken down in the lysosome | porteins, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides |
| enzymes in lysosomes and vacuoles work best at pH | 5 |
| If there is a mutation in the gene for the lysosomal enzyme that breaks down sphingomyelin what would result | they would have a sphingolipid storage disease |
| cells in the liver can communicate with each other using | endocrine signaling |
| cells in distant parts of the body may communicate with | adrenaline, cortisol, estradiol, thyroid hormone (endocrine) |
| Which has a mode of communication that generally does not include its neighbors | acetyl choline (neuronal) |
| nuclear receptor activation generally leads to | transcription |
| sphingolipids | ganglioside, glucocereroside, sphingomyelin, ceramide (all can't be broken down in the lysosome, cause sphingolipid stooge diseases) |
| It has been my observation that most people get ahead during the time that others waste | henry ford |
| happiness lies in the joy of achievement and the thrill of creative effort | franklin roosevelt |
| Hormones that use endocrine signaling | adrenaline, cortisol, estradiol, glucagon, insulin, testosterone, thyroid hormone |
| What cell does depends on | what signaling molecules bind to it |
| Some lipid hormones | cortisol, estradiol, testosterone |
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