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sharonlisw
Biology 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Triceps brachii (explain the origin, insertion and action) | Antagonist Origin: scapula, and posterior humerus Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna Action: extends forearm at elbow joint and arm at shoulder joint |
| Brachioradialis (explain the origin, insertion and action) | Origin: Humerus Insertion: Distal radius Action: supinates the forearm at the raioulnar joint |
| Axial skeleton | bones along the longitudinal axis of the body |
| Appendicular skeleton | bones of the limbs that form the girdles that connect limbs to body |
| Long bones | greater in length than in width, humerus |
| Short bones | cub-shaped, trapezoid, wrist bone |
| Flat bones | thin, sternum |
| irregular bones | complex shapes, vertebrae |
| sesamoid bone | protect tendons from excessive wear, patella |
| sutural bones | small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones |
| 1 type of surface marking: depressions and poenings | allow passage of blood vessels and nerves |
| 1 type of surface marking: processes | projection or outgrowths form joints, attachment points for tendons and ligaments |
| spinous process | slender projection from a vertebra |
| foramen | an opening in bone which allows passage of blood vessels and nerves |
| condyle | large, round,articular boney process |
| epicondyle | boney protuberance above the condyle |
| fossa | shallow depression |
| tubercle | small rounded projection |
| tuberosity | large bony projection |
| meatus | tube-like canal |
| trochanter | very large bony projections on the femur |
| The functions of Skull (list 3) | - protects the brain and sense organ - provide framework of muscle attachment - support for entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems |
| Bones of the Skull (8 pieces) | - Sphenoid (1) - Parietal (2) - Temporal (2) - Occipital (1) - Ethmoid (1) - Frontal (1) |
| frontanels | little fountains, soft, loose CT filled spaced between cranial bones; will become suture joints in adults |
| Vertebrae components | vertebrae body, pedicle and lamina, processes, vertebral foramen |
| intervertebral foremen | exiting spinal nerves |
| fibrocartilage intervertebral disc | between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae |
| Cervical and lumber curves of vertebral column | Lordosis , convex |
| Thoracic and sacral curves of vertebral column | Kphosis, concave |
| Scoliosis | lateral bending of vertebral column |
| C1 | called the atlas |
| C2 | axis - provides a pirot |
| thoracic vertebrae (# of vertebrae,and what does it articulate with) | T1-T12, rib |
| lumber vertebrae(# of vertebrae,and characteristics) | L1-L5; support the low back, and support the greater load |
| sacrum | fusion of 5 separate vertebrae |
| coccyx | tailbone, fusion of 4 vertebrae |
| thoracic cage | protect organs of the thoracic cavity; and support bones of upper limbs aid in breathing |
| sternum parts | manubrium, body, xiphoid process |
| # of ribs in pairs | 12 |
| true ribs | attach directly to the sternum, 7 pairs of rib |
| false ribs | attach to sternum with an elongated piece of costal cartilage, 5 pairs of rib |
| floating ribs | don't attach to sternum |
| spine of scapula | large process on posterior side |
| acromion of scapula | flattend lateral portion |
| coracoid process of scapula | anterior surface |
| Glenoid cavity of scapula | concavity that articulates with the humerus |
| Sternal end of Clavicle | articulates with sternum |
| acromial end of clavicle | articulates with acromion |
| Olecranon process of ulna | articulates with humerus |
| interosseous membrane | connected diaphysis of the radius and ulna; and tibia and fibula |
| carpals | proximal phalanx |
| metacarpals | middle phalanx |
| phalanges of hand | distal phalanx |
| Gluteal region: pelvic girdle; components of two oscoxae | ilium, ischium, pubis are joint together at pubic symphysis and sacrum |
| pubis | anterior and inferior part of hip bone; has superior and inferior rami and a body |
| false pelvis | lies above the pelvic rim |
| true pelvis | inferior to the pelvic rim - urinary bladders, lower intestine, uterus ovaries |
| describe male pelvis (include angle) | larger, heavier, more narrow; smaller inlet, pubic arch angle <90 |
| describe female pelvis (include angle) | wider, rounder, flared, iliac crest; wider pelvic opening; pubic arch angle >90 |
| femur | the longest, heaviest and strongest bone; articulates with tibia to form the knee point; with patella as well |
| greater and lesser trochanters | projections where large muscles attach; head articulates with acetabulum |
| patella | knee cap; tracks between the condyles of femur |
| tibia | largest of 2 leg bones |
| fibula | smaller, lateral bones |
| medial and lateral malleoli of the ankle | formed from the distal end of the leg bones |
| Tarsal | ankle |
| metatarsals | sole |
| phalanges of foot | toes: proximal, middle, distal phalanx |
| longitudinal and transverse foot arches | support the weight of the body, provide spring and leverage to foot while walking |
| Functional classification: Synarthroses | immovable joints |
| Functional classification: Amphiarthroses | slightly movable |
| Functional classification: Diarthroses | freely movable |
| Structural classification: fibrous joints | bone held together by dense irregular CT, lots of collagen; usually synarthroses ex. 1)suture joints in skill - shock absorption 2)syndesmoses - greater distance between surfaces, more dense irregular CT than suture joint 3)interosseous membrane |
| Structural classification: catilaginous joints | made of cartilage; no synovial cavity; little or no movement; usually amphiarthroses ex. pubic symphysis; intervertebral |
| Structural classification: synovial joints | have a synovial cavity, bones often held together by ligaments; freely movable joint; have 2-layered capsule:fibrous outer, synovial membrane insde |
| synovial fluid | reduces friction - lubricates joints, absorb shock |
| ligaments of synovial joints | bands of dense regular CT - joins bone to bone that can be inside or side joint |
| bursae of synovial joints | fluid filled structures to minimize friction in some joints |
| menisci | pads of dense fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces; provides strength, allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly |
| Arterial branches of synovial joints | merge around a joint before penetrating into articular capsule |
| Never endings of synovial joints | respond to degree of movement and stretch, convey info to the brain |
| Planar joint | between navicular and second and third cuneiforms of tarsus in foot |
| Hinge joint | b/t trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna at the elbow |
| Pivot joint | b/t head of radius and radial notch of ulna |
| Condyloid joint | b/t radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of carpus (wrist) |
| Saddle joint | b/t trapezium of carpus (wrist) and metacarpal of thumb |
| ball-and-socket joint | b/t head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone |
| ROM | range of motion refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which bone can be moved. |
| affect ROM: hormones | relaxin increases the flexibiity of pubic symphysis and ligaments b/t sacrum and hip bone during pregnancy |
| affect ROM: disuse | movement may be restricted if joint has not been used for a long time |
| Gilding movements | simple back-and-forth and side-to-side movments; limited in range, typical in intercarpal joints |
| Angular movement: flexion | decrease in angle |
| Angular movement: extension | increase in angle |
| Angular movement: hyperextension | extension beyond "anatomical position" |
| Angular movement: abduction | movement away from midline |
| Angular movement: adduction | movement toward the midline |
| Angular movement: circumduction | movement in a circle |
| Rotation: lateral rotation | move away from the midline of body |
| Rotation: medial rotation | towards midline of body |
| Special movements: elevation | upward movement, ex. closing the mouth |
| Special movements: depression | downward movement, ex. opening the mouth |
| Special movements: protraction | move anteriorly |
| Special movements: retraction | move posteriorly back to normal, ex. return back the mandible forward |
| Special movements: inversion | sole of foot moves medially |
| Special movements: eversion | sole of foot moves laterally |
| Special movements: dorsiflexion | bending foot at ankle in the direction of the dorsum |
| Special movements: plantar flexion | foot at ankle moves down towards plantar surface |
| Special movements: supination | move forearm so palm is facing upwards |
| Special movements: pronation | move forearm so palm is facing downwards |
| Special movements: opposition | opposable thumbs crosses the palm to touch fingers |
| themporomandibular joint(TMJ) | is a combined hinge and planar joint formed by mandible and temporal bone - only movable joint b/t skull bones |
| shoulder joint (glenhumeral) | is a ball-and socket joint formed by the head of humerus and scapula |
| elbow joint | is a hinge joint fromed by humerus, radius and ulna which allows flexion and extension of forearm |
| the hip joint | is a ball-and-socket joint, femur oscoxae |
| knee joint | is a modified hinge joint |
| osteophyte | bone spurs |
| aging on joints | thinning of the articular cartilage, decreased production of synovial fluid |
| osteoarthritis | wear and tear |
| rheumatoid | autoimmune-body breaks down cartilage |
| gouty | uric acid buildup |
| ankylosing spondylitis | joint in vertebral- inflammatory |
| partial hip replacements | only the femur |
| total hip replacements | femur + acetabulum |
| Contractible | shorten in length |
| extensible | extend or stretch |
| elastic | return to original shape |
| Functions of muscular tissue | - create motion - maintain posture - store substances in the body - using spincters - move substances through perisytaltic contraction - generate heat - thermogenesis |
| somatic motor neurons | neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle contraction |
| sarcolemma | plasma membrane of muscle cell |
| transverse tuble | inside the sarcolemma, speed up the contraction by depolarization |
| myofibril | contractile organelle of muscle |
| sarcomere | basic functional unit of myofibril; consist of thin and thick filaments |
| A band | darker middle region; extends the length of the thick filament |
| I band | lighter, contains no thick filament |
| H-zone | contains only thick filaments |
| M-line | supporting proteins keep thick filaments together |
| Z-disc | separate one sarcomere |
| contractile proteins: generate force during contraction 1) thin filament | are comprised mostly of the protein actin which are proteins that strung together like a string of pools |
| contractile proteins: 2) thick filaments | made of myosin; myosin - look like golf clubs bound together |
| Regulatory proteins: trponin | has a Ca2+ binding site |
| tropnin+tropomyosin | cover the myosin binding site on actin |
| Structural proteins: Titin | extends from z-disc, allows for elasticity of myofibrils |
| Structural proteins: Nebulin | protein wrapped around each think filament |
| sliding filament mechanism | thick and thin filaments slide past one another |
| eecitation-contraction coupling (EC coupling) | involves events at the junction b/t a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber |
| Nruromuscular junction: presynaptic membrane | on the neuron |
| Nruromuscular junction: postsynaptic membrane | on the muscle cell |
| Synaptic cleft | spaces b/t two membranes |
| Acetylcholinesterase | enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine |
| Ligand-gated Na+ channels | respond to acetylecholine (ACh) which opens the channel by ACh |
| Tension in a muscle: latent period | brief delay as action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma, and Ca2+ are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) |
| Tension in a muscle: contracting | fiber contracts |
| Tension in a muscle: relaxation | Ca2+ is requestered into SR |
| Tension in a muscle: refractory period | temporary loss of excitability |
| Tension in a muscle: twitch | brief contraction in response to a single action potential |
| Tension in a muscle: tetanus | more action potenials = fusion of contractions |
| ATP | stored in body cell - last for 3 seconds |
| phosphate | quick release of ATP - last for 12 seconds |
| aerobic ATP production | cellular respiration |
| anaerobic glucose use | last for 30-40 seconds; produce 2ATP per glucose - pyruvic acid breaks down into latic acid |
| Skeletal muscle fiber types: red | dark meat - high myoglobin (oxygen binding protein) content, more mitochondria, more engergy stores |
| Skeletal muscle fiber types: white | white meat - less myoglobin, less mitochondira |
| Skeletal muscle fiber types: slow oxidative fibers (SO) | small appear dark red, least powerful, used for fatigue resistance ,ex. maintaining posture |
| Skeletal muscle fiber types: fast glycolytic fibers (FG) | large, white, powerful, generate ATP by glycolysis, ex. weight lifting, explosure muscle contractions |
| autorhythmic | involuntary |
| Rigor Mortis | at death, ATP production stops |
| Biceps (explain origin, insertion and action) | Origin: scapula Insertion: radius action: flex the arm and forearm |
| Tripes (explain origin, insertion and action) | Origin: scapula, lateral and posterior sites of humerus insertion: olecranon process of ulna action: straighten and extend forearm |
| first class levers | fulcrum is b/t the effort and the load |
| second class levers | load is b/t the fulcrum and the effort - always a mechanical advantage |
| third class levers | effort is b/t the fulcrum and the load - are the most common - favor speed and range of motion over max force |
| Prime mover | primarily responsible for creating movement (agoinst for muscle) ex.biceps brachii |
| Antagonist | stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover ex. triceps brachii |
| Synergists | muscle used to prevent unwanted movements at intermediate joints ex. muscles in the hand |
| Muscle contraction: concentric isotonic contraction | the muscle shortens while generating force |
| Muscle contraction: eccentric isotonic contraction | muscle tension is less than the resistance (the muscle lengthens) |
| Muscle contraction: isometric contraction | no movement, muscle force and resistance are equal, supporting objects in a fixed position, maintaining posture |
| Direction of Naming Muscles: rectus | parallel to midline |
| Direction of Naming Muscles: transverse | perpendicular to midline |
| Direction of Naming Muscles: oblique | diagonal |
| Size of Naming Muscles: maximus | largest |
| Size of Naming Muscles: minimus | smallest |
| Size of Naming Muscles: longus | long |
| Size of Naming Muscles: brevis | short |
| Size of Naming Muscles: latissimus | widest |
| Size of Naming Muscles: longissimus | longest |
| Size of Naming Muscles: magnus | large |
| Size of Naming Muscles: major | larger |
| Size of Naming Muscles: minor | smaller |
| Size of Naming Muscles: vastus | huge |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: deltoid | triangular |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: trapezius | trapezoid |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: serratus | saw-toothed |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: Rhomboid | diamond |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: Orbicularis | circular |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: Pectinate | comb-like |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: piriformis | pear shape |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: platys | flat |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: Quadratus | square |
| Shape of Naming Muscles: gracilis | slender |
| Muscle action of Naming Muscles: Sphincter | colsing off the opening |
| Muscle action of Naming Muscles: Tensor | makes body pat rigid |
| Number of origins of Naming Muscles: biceps | 2 |
| Number of origins of Naming Muscles: triceps | 3 |
| Number of origins of Naming Muscles: quadriceps | 4 |
| Orbicularis oris (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: surrounding the opening of the mouth insertion: the skin at the corner of the mouth action: closes and protrudes lips for kissing |
| Muscles of facial expression: Orbicularis occuli, Frontalis, occipitalis, temporalis, buccinator | |
| Masseter (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch insertion: mandible action:closes the mouth |
| Muscles that move the mandible: | lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid |
| Extraocular muscles (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: back of the orbit insertion: different parts of the eyeball action: precise and rapid movement of the eyes |
| Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: clavicle and sternum insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone action: flex and rotate the head |
| Pectoralis minor (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: ribs 3-5 insertion: coracoid process of scapula action: abducts scapula and rotate it downward |
| Trapezius (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: occipital bone and cervical spine insertion: clavicle, scapula, and lower thoracic vertebrae action: support the arm and moves the scapula up, down, in and out |
| Latissimus dorsi (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and the iliac bone insertion: mid-humerus action: drives arm inferiorly and posteriorly |
| Pectoralis major (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: clavicle and sternum insertion: proximal humerus action: adducts and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint |
| Deltoid muscle (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: lateral clavicle and upper scapula insertion: deltoid tuberosity on shaft of the humerus action: abducts, flexes, and medially rotates the upper arm at the shoulder joint |
| Rectus abdominis (explain the origin, insertion) | origin: pubic bone insertion: ribs and sternum |
| External oblique (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: ribs 5-12 insertion: iliac crest and linea alba action: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen |
| Diaphragm (explain the origin, insertion) | origin: inferior 6 ribs, and lumbar vertebrae insertion: central tendon |
| Brachioradialis (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: humerus insertion: distal radius action: supinates the forearm at the radioulnar joint |
| Gluteus maximus (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: iliac crest, sacrum,and coccyx insertion: femur action: extends and laterally |
| Quadricep group (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: iliac spine and proximal femur insertion: patella and proximal tibia action: flexes thigh at hip joint and extend leg at knee joint |
| Adductors (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: pubic insertion: femur action: adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint and rotates thigh |
| Hamstring group (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: ischial tuberosity insertion: proximal tibia and fibula action: flexes leg at knee joint, extend thigh at hip joint |
| Tibialis anterior (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: tibia insertion: first cuneiform and first metatarsal action: dorsiflexes and inverts the foot |
| psoas major + iliacus (explain the origin, insertion, and action) | origin: lumbar vertebrae insertion: femur action: flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, flex trunk on hip |
| Gastrocnemius and soleus muscles function (explain the origin, insertion) | Origin: Femur, capsule of knee, and head of fibula insertion: calcaneus by way of calcaneal (achilles) tendon |
| external urethral sphincter | helps expel urine |
| external anal sphincter | keeps anus closed |
| levator ani | supports pelvic viscera |
| Thenar | lateral aspect of palm |
| hypothenar | medial aspect of palm Action: oppose thumb against other 4 fingers |
Created by:
sharonlisw
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