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Chapter 21 Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 5 plant adaptations to land environments. | Cuticle, Stomata, Reproductive Strategies, Seeds, Vascular Tissue |
| List the common characteristics between present day plant and algae. | *cell walls composed of cellulose *cell division that includes the formation of a cell plate *the same type of chlorophyll used in photosynthesis *food stored as starch |
| Explain the cuticle. | *A fat, waxy layer. *Helps prevent water loss *Acts as a barrier against microorganisms. |
| Explain the stomata. | *It allows gases to be exchanged (oxygen moves out, carbon dioxide moves into the leaf) *They are usually found on the underside of the leaf. |
| Explain vascular tissues. | *Vascular tissue is a specialized transport system for water and food, it allows plants to grow tall, and provides support and structures for plants. *Nonvascular plants are short, and they move water and food by osmosis or diffusion. |
| Explain reproductive strategies. | Some plants reproduce by spores, but water is a limiting factor. |
| Explain seeds. | A seed has an embryo, has its own nutrients for the embryo to grow, and it has a protective seed coat. |
| Explain the alternation of generation in plants. | The g. gen. produces gametes(Haploid sperm and egg cells.) When sperm fertilizes the egg, a diploid zygote forms that undergoes mitosis to form a sporo. S. gen. produces spores that can grow to form the next g. gen. In most plants the s. gen. is dominant. |
| Give characteristics of nonvascular plants. | *are small in size *no transport tissues, so everything is transported by osmosis and diffusion. *found in damp, shady areas |
| Give characteristics of seedless vascular plants. | *don’t produce seeds *Use spores to reproduce, and they have a special structure called a strobilus that is a cluster of spores. *When spores land in a favorable site, they can grow to form the gametophyte. |
| Give characteristics of seed vascular plants. | *produce seeds.*Seeds have one/two cotyledons that are used to store food or absorb food.*Plants seeds are part of a fruit-angiosperms.*Plants seeds aren’t part of a fruit-gymnosperms.*Seeds are dispersed because that limits competition when they grow. |
| Explain why seed dispersal is important to seed vascular plants. | Seeds are dispersed or scattered because that limits competition when they begin to grow. |
| Give three examples of seed dispersal. | Cocklebur have seeds with hooks on them that will attach to fur or clothing. Pine seed has a winglike structure that allows it to drift in the wind. A coconut contains the seed inside and can float great distances on ocean currents. |
| Name and summarize the 3 life spans of anthophytes. | Annual-have a lifespan of one growing season. Biennial-have a lifespan of two growing seasons. Perennial-can live for several years and usually produce flowers and seeds yearly. |
| What is a stomata? | openings in the outer cell layer of leaf surfaces and some stems that allow the exchange of water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and other gases between a plant and its environment. |
| What are vascular tissues? | specialized tissue that transports water, food, and other substances in vascular plants and can also provide structure and support. |
| Define vascular plant. | type of plant with vascular tissues adapted to land environments; most widely distributed type of plant on Earth. |
| Define nonvascular plant. | type of plant that lacks vascular tissues, moves substances slowly from cell to cell by osmosis and diffusion, and grows only in a damp environment. |
| Define seed. | adaptive reproductive structure of some vascular plants that contains an embryo, nutrients for the embryo, and is covered by a protective coat. |
| Define thallose. | liverwort with a fleshy, lobed shape. |
| Define strobilus. | compact cluster of spore-bearing structures in some seedless vascular plant sporophytes. |
| Define epiphyte. | plant that lives anchored to an object or to another plant. |
| Define rhizome. | fern’s thick underground stem that functions as a food-storage organ. |
| Define sporangium. | sac or case in which fungal spores are produced. |
| Define sorus. | fern structure formed by clusters of sporangia, usually on the undersides of a frond. |
| Define cotyledon. | seed structure that stores food or helps absorb food for the sporophyte of vascular seed plants. |
| Define cone. | feature that contains male or female reproductive structures of cycads and other gymnosperms. |
| Define annual. | plant that completes its life span in one growing season or less. |
| Define biennial. | plant with a two-year life span. |
| Define perennial. | plant that can live for several years. |
| Give characteristics of Division Anthocerophyta. | Hornworts One large chloroplast in each cell of the gametophyte and sporophyte Spaces around cells are filled with mucilage, or slime. Cyanobacteria grow in this slime. -mutualism |
| Give characteristics of Division Hepaticophyta. | Liverworts Two types *Leafy liverwort that has lots of tiny leaves *Thallose have lobed leaves. |
| Give characteristics of Division Lycophyta. | (Club Mosses) Sporophyte generation is dominant. Reproductive structures produce spores that are club-shaped or spike-shaped. Have roots, stems, and small, scaly leaf-like structures. |
| Give characteristics of Division Pterophyta. | Includes ferns and horsetails.Ferns-has an underground stem called a rhizome-is horizontal in ground.Leaves of ferns-fronds.Under frond, spores are found in structures-sporangia. Clusters of sporangia-sorus. Horsetails made of scratchy material-silica. |
| Give characteristics of Division Cycadophyta. | (Cycads) Cones contain male and female reproductive parts. Evolved before plants with flowers. They are tropical plants. |
| Give characteristics of Division Gnetophyta. | Long living plants-- can live as long as 1500-2000 years Welwitschia is found in the African desert and has deep roots that penetrate the ground |
| Give characteristics of Division Ginkgophyta. | Only one living species, Ginko biloba. Has small, fan-shaped leaves. |
| Give characteristics of Division Coniferophyta. | Male and female cones on different branches. Wax-like coating called cutin reduces water loss. |
| Give characteristics of Division Anthophyta. | Classified as monocots or dicots (eudicots). Sometimes referred to as the flowering plants. |
Created by:
allysonleigh
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