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foundations
nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| normal flora | microorganisms that live on the skin, in the nasopharynx, in the GI tract, and on other body surfaces |
| Interferon | a nonspecific chemical inhibitor that is secreted by body cells in response to viral invasion |
| granulocytes | polymorphonuclear cells that contain granules of digestive enzymes |
| agranulocytes | mononuclear cells that lack digestive enzymes |
| antigens | foreign particles, such as microbes, that enter a host |
| antibodies | convey specific resistance to many bacterial and viral infections |
| complement system | series of proteins found in the bloodstream |
| vaccination | process of injecting weakened or killed organisms into a person, stimulating antibody production |
| opportunistic | take advantage of being in the right place at the right time |
| anaerobes | organisms requiring reduced oxygen for growth, associated with serious infections |
| endotoxins | particularly potent poisons that can cause hemorrhagic shock when large amounts are released in to the blood |
| communicable period | time frame during which a disease can be passed from one person to another |
| purulent | containing puss |
| abscess | occurs when the body attempts to localize infection by walling off the purulent drainage |
| leukocytosis | a rise in circulating WBC's above the normal adult range of 5,000-10,000 cells/mm |
| shift to the left | leftward shift in the granulocytic differential count |
| neutropenia | present and poses a significant risk for infections when the ANC falls to fewer than 1,000 cells/mm |
| superinfection | secondary infection that occurs when antibiotics, immunosuppression, or cancer treatment destroys normal flora |
| micturition | word to describe the process of excreting urine from the body |
| diuresis | water excretion |
| hydronephrosis | distention of the kidney pelvis with urine secondary to the increased resistance caused by obstruction to normal urine flow |
| cystocele | protrusion or herniation of the bladder into the vaginal canal |
| diuretics | administered to increase urine output |
| dysuria | painful voiding |
| polyuria | formation and excretion of excessive amounts of urine in the absence of a concurrent increase in fluid intake |
| oliguria | formation and excretion fo decreased amounts of urine, or urinary output less than 500mL in 24 hours |
| anuria | formation and excretion of less than 100mL of urine in 24 hours |
| overactive bladder | frequency and urgency often occur together |
| nocturia | voiding during normal sleeping hours |
| hematuria | blood in the urine |
| pyuria | urine contains pus, which is the accumulation of the end products of an inflammatory response |
| urinary retention | inability to empty the bladder of urine |
| urinary incontinence | involuntary loss of urine from the bladder |
| peristalsis | propels the intestinal contents along the entire length of the small and large intestines |
| meconium | partially dried intestinal secretions that accumulated in the large intestine before birth |
| stoma | the portion of intestine brought through the abdominal wall is known as |
| hemorrhoids | enlarged or varicose viens in the anal canal |
| colostomyf- | bowel diversion surgery that brings a segment of the large colon out to the abdominal skin |
| ileostomy | portion of the ileum is used to make the stoma on the abdomen |
| constipation | consistency of the stool (hard) necessity to strain with defecation |
| fecal impaction | accumulation of hardened feces in the rectum |
| diarrhea | manifested by frequent evacuation of watery stools |
| C-diff | most common cause of hospital acquired diarrhea in the US |
| Flatus | accumulation of gas in the GI tract |
| distention | accumulation of excessive amounts of flatus or liquid or solid intestinal contents |
| borborygmi | large bowel sounds |
| paralytic ileus | condition in when the intestines are temporally paralyzed |
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