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Criminology Test 2
Cares, FA2012
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the human assumption of Rational Choice Theory? | humans have free will, are rational, are self centered, egotistical, and hedonistic (max pleasure, min pain) |
| 3 aspects to rational choice theory | 1. all human behavior is a choice based off cost-benefit 2. because hedonistic, will find crime attractive 3. crime can be deterred by altering the cost/benefit scale |
| Doctrine of Deterrence | Certain, swift, proportional |
| General vs. Specific deterrence | general deterrence attempts to deter a whole community. specific deterrence is to deter the individual |
| Continuum of deterrence | such as speed limit signs, keeping them in a range rather than at a specific speed |
| Instrumental crime vs Expressive crime | Instrumental crime is crime done to get something and expressive crime is based on emotions. the more instrumental, the easier to deter |
| Strengths of rational choice theory | broad scope, good parsimony, good at explaining certain crimes |
| weaknesses of rational choice theory | what is rational? are individuals always rational? to many undefined variables such as rationality and proportionality |
| What is adjusting the calculus? | making the costs more and the benefits less to crime |
| What is the assumption of human nature according to social control theories? | humans are inherently deviant, micro level, crime results when social control fails |
| Who defined social bond theory? | Hirschi |
| What did Hirshi say social bond theory was? | Unless people are well bonded to society and its norms (that is, unless they have high stakes in conformity), they will follow their natural motivation to violate the law |
| What does it mean to have a stake in conformity? | what an individual stands to lose by the discovery of deviant behavior |
| What are the four elements to a social bond? | (IABC) Involvement (keeping busy) Attachment (caring what others think) Belief (in the rightness of the law and conventional order) |
| Strengths of social bond theory | good empirical support, parsimony, testability, fits patterns of crime |
| criticisms of social bond theory | limited scope, causal order, testability (difficult to measure) less empirical support than social learning theory |
| What is the goal of social bond theory policy's? | develop attachment to conventional adults, keep people busy, encourage marraige, schools |
| Who came up with the general theory of crime? | Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) |
| What is the view of human nature according to the general theory of crime? | all humans lack self-control unless developed in childhood |
| What is the principle assertion of the general theory of crime? | Crime is the result of individuals with low self-control encountering opportunities for crime that produce immediate gratification with relatively little risk |
| What are some ways to build self-control in children? | monitoring child's behavior, recognizing undesirable behaviors, punishing misbehavior |
| What are the dimensions of self control? | impulsivity, risk taking, insensitivity, non-verbal orientation, shortsighted, physicality |
| What are some outcomes of low self-control? | risky and deviant behaviors (crime, drugs, reckless driving) Leads to unstable jobs, poor physical health |
| what are the strengths of general theory of crime? | broadest micro level scope, consistent empirical support |
| weaknesses of general theory of crime | scope, testablitlity, logical consistency (tautological, research on brain development, influence of peers) |
| Who is the founder of Differential Association? | Sutherland |
| What is the assumption of human nature according to differential association? | human nature is not inherently deviant, deviance is acquired along the way |
| What are the principle assertions of differential association? | criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others (especially intimate groups), learning includes techniques, motives, drives, rationalizations and attitudes, greater pro criminal messages greater crime, vis versa |
| With pro criminal and anti criminal messages, how can the messages vary? | Frequency (how often), Duration (for how long), Intensity (how important the source is), Priority (how early in life) |
| Strengths of differential association | broad scope, good parsimony, some empirical validity (self-report data by class) |
| Weaknesses of differential association | testability, causal order problems |
| What is the assumption of human nature for social learning theory? | humans are not inherently criminal, criminal behavior is learned |
| What are the five ways, according to the social learning theory, that human behavior is learned? | classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, differential association, observation and modeling, differential reinforcement |
| Strengths of social learning theory | broad scope, good parsimony, empirical support, doesn't focus on crime as a lower class problem |
| weaknesses of social learning theory | testability and causal order |
| What is the assumption of human nature according to neutralization | humans are not born deviant but they drift into deviance and must justify why they drift. |
| 5 types of neutralizations (they precede crime) | denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemn the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties |
| Strengths of neutralization | helps explain the age-crime curve, explains the conforming of offenders, and patterns of victimization |
| weaknesses of neutralization | scope and empirical support |
| What is the assumption of human nature according to labeling theory? | symbolic interactionism: how people see themselves is based on how they think others see them. Humans and acts are not deviant |
| explain how labeling theory works | commits deviance and is labeled as a deviant sanctions follow and if the sanctions are stigmatizing it becomes a label, the label than can become a master status, leads to changes in associations/deviant relationships leading to secondary deviance |
| What is the irony of formal social control and CJS sanctions? | They are deviance amplifactions because they create labels |
Created by:
joshuamcduffie
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