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Test IV 1132012
Test IV Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mohorivic Discontinuity | Transition from mantle to crust |
| Gutenberg Discontinuity | Transition from the outer core to the lower mantle. |
| "D" Double prime | Transition from the outer core to the lower mantle. |
| lithosphere | Crust and upper most solid mantle |
| asthenophere | Lower upper mantle & middle mantle (hot plastic) |
| mesosphere | Lower mantle |
| neve | Young, granular type of snow which has been partially melted, refrozen and compacted |
| firn | Neve that survives a full season of ablation (melting); older and slightly denser than neve. |
| snowfield | a permanent wide expanse of snow in mountainous or polar regions |
| firn fiel | a permanent wide expanse of snow in mountainous or polar regions |
| piedmont glacier | a type of glaciation characteristic of Alaska; large valley glaciers meet to form an almost stagnant sheet of ice. |
| piedmont glacier | Malaspina Glacier |
| Found only in Antarctica and Greenland | Ice sheets |
| ice shelves | Occur when ice sheets extend over the sea, and float on the water. |
| ice shelves | In thickness they range from a few hundred meters to over 1000 meters. They surround most of the Antarctic continent. Retreating ________ may provide indications of climate change. |
| ice caps | Miniature ice sheets, covering less than 50,000 square kilometers. |
| ice caps | They form primarily in polar and sub-polar regions that are relatively flat and high in elevation. |
| Valley / Alpine Glaciers | Commonly originating from mountain glaciers or ice fields, these glaciers spill down valleys, looking much like giant tongues. |
| Valley / Alpine Glaciers | May be very long, often flowing down beyond the snow line, sometimes reaching sea level. |
| ice sheets | Found only in Antarctica and Greenland, ice sheets are enormous continental masses of glacial ice and snow expanding over 50,000 square kilometers |
| glaciers | Thick ice mass that forms over hundreds or thousands of years |
| glaciers | Originate on land from the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow. |
| sea ice forms on | water |
| glaciers | cover nearly 10% of the Earth's land. |
| glaciers are controlled by | Earth's changing climate |
| glacial budget | balance or lack of balance between accumulation and wastage |
| zone of accumulation | area where snow accumulates and ice forms; addition of snow thickens the glacier and promotes movement. |
| zone of wasting (ablation) | The part of a glacier where losses from melting, sublimation, and calving of icebergs exceed the rate of accumulation |
| calving | The sudden release and breaking away of a mass of ice from a glacier, iceberg, ice front, ice shelf, or crevasse. |
| icebergs are created by: | calving where glaciers reach the sea. |
| plastic flow | The flow that takes place in response to pressure and causes deformation with no fracturing. |
| basal slip | movement involving a glacier sliding over its underlying surface. |
| abrasion | the process whereby rock is worn smooth by the impact of sediment transported by running water, glaciers, waves, or wind. |
| arete | a narrow, serrated ridge between two glacial valleys or adjacent cirques. |
| basal slip | movement involving a glacier sliding over its underlying surface. |
| cirque | a steep-walled, bowl-shaped depression on a mountainside at the upper end of a glacial valley. |
| continental glacier | a glacier that covers a vast area (at least 50k km) and is not confined by a topography. |
| continental glacier | also called an ice sheet |
| drumlin | an elongate hill of till formed by the movement of a continental glacier or by floods. |
| end moraine | a pile or ridge of rubble deposited at the terminus of a glacier. |
| esker | a long, sinuous ridge of stratified drift deposited by running water in a tunnel beneath stagnant ice. |
| fiord | an arm of the sea extending into a glacial trough eroded below sea level. |
| firn | granular snow formed by partial melting and refreezing of snow; transitional material between snow and glacial ice. |
| glacial budget | the balance between expansion and contraction of a glacier in response to accumulation versus wastage |
| glacial drift | a collective term for all sediment deposited directly by glacial ice (till( and by meltwater streams (outwash) |
| glacial erratic | a rock fragment carried some distance from it source by a glacier and usually deposited on bedrock of a different composition. |
| glacial ice | water in the solid state within a glacier; forms as snow partially melts and refreezes and compacts so that it is transformed first to firn and then to glacial ice. |
| glacial polish | a smooth, glistening rock surface formed by the movement of sediment-laden ice over bedrock. |
| glacial striation | a straight scratch rarely more than a few millimeters deep on a rock caused by the movement of sediment laden glacial ice. |
| glacial surge | a time of greatly accelerated flow in a glacier. Commonly results in a displacement of the glacier's terminous by several kilometers. |
| glaciation | refers to all aspects of glaciers, including their origin, expansion, and retreat, and their impact on Earth's surface. |
| glacier | a mass of ice on land that moves by plastic flow and basal slip. |
| ground moraine | the layer of sediment released from melting ice as a glacier's terminus retreats. |
| hanging valley | a tributary glacial valley whose floor is at a higher level than that of the main glacial valley. |
| horn | a sleep-walled, pyramid-shaped peak formed by the head-ward erosion of at least (3) ciruques. |
| ice cap | a dome-shaped mass of glacial ice that covers less than 50k km. |
| ice-scoured plain | a low relief bedrock surface with glacial striations and polish eroded by a glacier |
| kame | conical hill of stratified drift originally deposited in a depression on a glacier's surface. |
| lateral moraine | ridge of sediment deposited along the margin of a valley glacier. |
| Little Ice Age | An interval from about 1500 to the mid-to late-1800s during which glaciers expanded to their greatest historic extent |
| medial moraine | a moraine carried on the central surface of a glacier; formed where two lateral moraines merge. |
| Milankovitch theory | an explanation for the cyclic variations in climate and the onset of ice ages as a result of irregularities in Earth' rotation and orbit. |
| outwash plain | the sediment deposited by meltwater discharging from a continental glacier's terminus. |
| plastic flow | the flow that takes place in response to pressure and causes deformation with no fracturing. |
| recessional moraine | an end moraine that forms when a glacier's terminus retreats, then stabilizes, and a ridge or mound of till is deposited. |
| stratified drift | glacial deposits that show both stratification and sorting; deposited by streams that discharge from glaciers |
| terminal moraine | an end moraine consisting of a ridge or mound of rubble marking the farthest extent of a glacier |
| till | a sediment deposited directly by glacial ice |
| U-shaped glacial trough | a valley with steep or vertical walls and broad, rather flat floor formed by the movement of a glacier through a stream valley. |
| valley glacier | a glacier confined to a mountain valley or an interconnected system of mountain valley |
| valley train | a long, narrow deposit of stratified drift confined withing a glacial valley |
| zone of accumulation | the part of a glacier where additions exceed losses and the glacier's surface is perennially covered with snow. |
| zone of wastage | The part of a glacier where losses from melting, sublimation, and calving of icebergs exceed the rate of accumulation. |
| Fine-grained, alternating dark and light layers in glacial lakes | varves |
| One of the most distinctive features of an area eroded by a valley glacier is a/an | cirque |
| Glacial erratics are | boulders deposited far from their source by a glacier |
| A time of glacial advance from about 1500 until the mid-to late-1800s is known as the | Little Ice Age |
| When freshly fallen snow compacts and partly melts and refreezes, it forms granular ice known as | firn |
| A medial moraine forms where | two lateral moraines merge |
| The only two areas where continental glaciers are present today are | Greenland and Antarctica |
| Glaciers move mostly by | plastic flow |
| Which one of the following features results from erosion by valley glaciers | arete |
| The line on a glacier that separates the zone of accumulation from the zone of wastage is the | firn limit |
| The only continent with now glaciers | Australia |
| valley glaciers that flow into the ocean are called | tidewater glaciers |
| terminous | the end of a glacier |
| Glaciers lose water by | sublimation |
| Sublimation | when ice changes to water vapor without an intermediate liquid phase |
| Outlet glacier | tongues of ice that extend into valleys far below the margins of the larger ice size. |
| Plucking | results when glacial ice freezes in the cracks and crevices of a bedrock projection and eventually pulls it loose. |
| Two types of glaciers | valley and continental glaciers |
| Erosional landforms produced by ice sheets/continental glaciers | they are generally glacially scoured surfaces and subdued terrain |
| Cols | glaciated mountain pass formed when two adjacent glaciers erode away the wall between their cirques. |
| Roche Moutonnees | asymmetric bedrock knob, formed by glacial abrasion and plucking, has a gentle slope that faces |
| loess | dust |
| kettles | depressions in deposits of glacial drift formed where a block of ice was partially buried, then melted. |
| Kettles form in | outwash plains and in end moraines |
| Moraine | a general term for a ridge or mound of till deposited by a glacier |
| proglacial lakes | Lakes that grow adjacent to glaciers |
| pluvial lakes | landlocked basins which fill with rainwater in times of glaciation when precipitation is higher |
| cooled air hows ___ water vapor | less |
| warm air holds ___ water vaport | more |
| cool water holds ___ dissolved gases | more |
| warm water holds ___ dissolved gases | less |
| drumlins are only produced by ____ glaciers | valley glaciers |
| There is only ___ terminal moraine | One |
| There are ____ recessional moraines | multiple |
| Truncated spur | cliffs with triangular facade that are formed by glacial erosion of ridges that once extended into the valley and stream meanders. |
| Differential erosion is based on | rate of movement, thickness of ice, erodibility of the surface beneath the Earth, shape, abundance, and hardness of rock fragments in the ice at the base of the glacier |
| Pulverized rock produced by abrasion | rock flour |
| Till | not sorted; deposited as glacial ice melts and drops its load of fragments |
| Stratified drift | sorted by the weight and size of fragments |
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HORSKR10
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