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Biology 12 : unit 2
unit 2 of biology 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cytology | study of cells |
| cell theory | cells come from pre-existing cells |
| two types of cells | prokaryotic AND eukaryotic |
| prokaryotic cells | do not have membranous organelles (nucelus, mitochondria, chloroplasts) |
| eunkaryotic cells | animal, plant, fungus cells contain organelles with membranes |
| compartmentalization | with assortment of membrane bound organelles, countless different reactions and processes can co-exist in eukaryotic cells w/o interfering with one another |
| control centre of cell | nucleus |
| nuclear envelope | encloses nucleus and has pores |
| nuclear pores | allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and make fluid of nucleus continuous with cytoplasm |
| chromatin | generic material that is suspended in the nucleoplasm and is made out of DNA and protein |
| chromosomes | coiled up chromatin for cell division |
| produces RNA? why? | chromatin produce RNA for manufacturing of proteins in cytoplasm |
| transcription | production of RNA -> this needs enzymes which enter nucleus through pores |
| enzymes | specialized proteins produced at ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| nucleolus | visible region within the nucleoplasm |
| what happens in nucleolus | ribosimal rna and proteins combine to form sub-units of ribosomes. site of protein synthesis |
| ribosomes | non-membranous, assembled in the cytoplasm. some are embeded onto endoplasmic reticulum (proteins often secreted from cell) OTHERS are free floating in cytoplasm (protiens used within cell |
| polysomes | clusters of chemically identical ribosomes that allow the almost simultaneous mass production of particular proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a set of membranous channels that extend through a cell's cytoplasm |
| RER | has ribosomes embedded in membranes. proteins manufactured at ribosomes of RER enter intramembranous space within RER |
| SER | contains enzymes for synthesis of needed biochemicals. also plays a role in synthesis of membrane phospholipids and removing any toxins that accumulate cytoplasm |
| what do both types of ER do? | transportation function (facilitates movement of molecules from one area to another), accumulate molecular products in interiors (SER=steroids, RER=proteins) |
| blebbing | sections of ER containing products break free to produce small membrane bound sacs called vesciles enclosing the biochemicals. products often detined for secretion. (veesicles from er are transport/transition vesicles) |
| golgi bodies | a set of several discrete, flatted but curved saccules (usually located btwn ER and cell mem). Kinda looks like pancakes. |
| job of golgi bodies | recieves transport vescicles from the ER. concentrate the molecular contents of vesicles and chemically adjust some molecules in preparation for eventual secretion. new vesicles form from golgi body blebbing and join cell membrane |
| secretory vesicles | come from golgi body and contain biochemicals that have been modified by golgi body. Move to join cell membrane to expell contents from cell (exocytosis) |
| secretory pathway | sequence of functional interrelationships amoung organelles |
| lysosomes | also made by gogli bodies. contain hyrolyic enzymes used for hydrolysis (digestion) of molecules in cells. have double membrane to give greater protection from enzymes becoming free in cytoplasm. |
| food vacuole | combines with lysosomes. formed when food is ingested then fuses with lysosome to digest food into small particles |
| intracellular digestion | digestion within cell. food comes from endocytosis and is broken down by lysosomes. results in production of simple molecules (amino acids, monosaccharides) that leave lysosome and enter cytoplasm (then used by cell). |
| autodigestion | self digestion. multicellular organisms use lysosomes for auto digestion of unwanted cells and cell parts. |
| compare & contrast mitochondria & chloroplasts | both are fluid filled and have complex internal membranes. Energy-related chemical reactions occur in their interiours and internal membranous structures. |
| mitochondria | exist in almost all cells. inner membranes are very folded looping back & forth producing large surface areas. conducts cellular respiration |
| cristae & matrix | cristae is the shelf part. matrix is the fluid within inner membrane. |
| cellular respiration | occurs within cristae. mitochondrai oxides parts of carbohydrates from cytoplasm and camptures energy from chemical bonds that get broken. more surface area of mitochondria=more reactions |
| phosphorylate | means add phosphorus to. energy released from reactions is used to add phosphorus to ADP creating ATP. |
| chroplasts and photosynthesis | exist only in some plant cells. contain chloryphyll which enables them to capture sunlight energy and use it to build sugar molecules. |
| cell walls | animal cells are considered to be the only cell type that lacks cell walls. made of cellulose. as plant cells mature, they deposit cellulose outside cell membrane. provides protection for inner living parts of cell. |
| what do cell walls prevent | prevents significant change in shape and growth, prevents processes like exocytosis & foreces cells to accumulate cellular products in large central vacuoles, which adds pressure against cell's organelles. cell walls can contribute to death of plant cells |
| cilia & flagella | used for cell movement and have same structure. cilia is shorter than flagella. |
| what are cilia and flagella made of? | they are elongate materials of microtubules made from protein tubluin & anchored by basal bodies. |
| microtubules | extend through cell's membrane and into environment. |
| basal bodies | haave a similar structure to cilia and flagella and are believed to originate from centrosome, an area close to the nucleus (centrosome=centrioles in animal cells) |
| how does cilia and flagella move? | cilia=wave in undulating manner tht moves fluids over their surface. flagellated cells swim due to activity of relaively few numbers of long flagella |
| cytoskeleton | an array of microtubules and other protein filaments called microfilaments. part os cytoskeleton come from centrosome and others are attached to inner surface of cell mem. it anchors cell and provides framework for movement |
| actin | a protein filament. capable of contracting to provide movement by sliding avross surface of other proteins to produce a shortened structure. |
| cell membranes | control and reguate passage of materials across their boundaries. membranes help control contents |
| what do membranes have? | specialized proteins embedded in them that serve as transportation routes for certain substances into or out of cells. sometimes passage requires energy |
| primary substance of of all membranes | phospholipid bilayer -> provides outer edges of of membrane with polar surfaces |
| proteins in membranes | provides membrane with specific regulatory capabilities and functions |
| peripheral proteins | on out surface of membrane and serve as receptor sites. the interact with environmental molecules, like neurotransmitters or hormones, and impact the cell. |
| inegral or transmembrane proteins | provide mechanisms for lipid-insoluble materials to cross the membrane. ex. water passes through protein channels. |
| premeability | variety of protein structure found in membranes contributes to specific premeability of the membrane. |
| fluid-moasic model | used to explain how components of cell membrane function together. mosaic=proteins, phospholipids=fluid nature. |
| cholesterol in membrane | in animal cells and embedded between phospholipids. Fills spaces between phospholipids and helps maintain integrity of membrane structure. |
| 2 types of oligossacharide attachements. Where? Function? | on outer surface of animal cell. plant cell membranes & organelles lack these carbohydrate chains. glycolipids (attached to phospholipids) & glycoproteins (attached to proteins). function as marker for the identification of cell types. |
| example of oligossacharide attachements | ex. antigen is attached to protein in membrane of red blood cell. different antigens contribute to differences between blood types. |
| selectively premeable | used to describe function. Means membranes can select substances that are able to move through them. |
| diffusion | random movement of of particles due to concentration differences. Is a passive process (ATP not needed). Molecules diffuse until evenly distributed. Some substances diffuse through membranes as if the membrane wasn't even there. |
| Factors that affect rate of diffusion | Concentration, Temperature, Size & Shape, Ionic Charge, Viscosity, Movement of the Medium |
| Concentration | difference in solute concentration between two areas (concentration gradient) causes diffusion. greater the difference, faster the diffusion. |
| Temperature | increasing temperature allows particles to move more. Increased motion increases diffusion. |
| Size & shape | smaller substance diffuse faster because they encounter fewer collisions with other substances. Large molecules do not diffuse across membranes. |
| Ionic charge | ion are attracted or repelled into particular directions assisting or hindering diffusion depending on the situation. |
| Viscosity | lower the viscosity (fluid density) of solution, more quickly molecules can move through it ex. viscosity of water is less than syrup. diffision through water occurs more quickly than syrup. |
| Movement of the medium | currents will aid in diffusion. cytoplasmic streaming helps disperse molecules. |
| Factors that affect a particles ability to pass freely through membrane | solubility & polarity. ex. water diffuses but because of polarity, it does not pass through non-polar interior of bilayer -> instead passes through protein channels. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water. water moves to areas with greater concentration gradients to dilute solutes -> equalizing concentration throughout |
| isotonic | solutions with equal concentrations |
| osmotic pressure | measure of the number of collisions water molecules make against the membrane surface. Greater difference of solute concentration=greater # of collisions=higher osmotic pressure. |
| Turgor Pressure (turgidity) | the force the cytoplasm exerts against the inside of the cell membrane. Significant changes in turgidity can affect cell function. |
| Hypertonic Solutions | Solution with greater solute concentration when compared to cell. |
| plasmolysis | Water leaves cell by osmosis,thus diluting soultue in it's environment & concentrating solutes in cytoplasm. Cell shrinks and has decresed turgidity. (in plant cells, wilt away from cell walls) |
| crenation | red blood cells undergo crenation during plasmolysis -->means they take a notched appearance. |
| Hypotonic solution | cell is in an enviornment with a lesser concentration of solutes |
| deplasmolysis | water enters cell by osmosis resulting in dilution of the greater solute concentration). Causes gain in turgidity and swelling in animal cells. |
| hemolysis | red blood cells placed in distilled water or alcohol can rupture due to rapid osmosis and increased turgidity. |
| integral protiens | some integral proteins embedded in the phospholipid of phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane are involved in the transport of substances other than water. |
| facilitated transport | substances are transported according to the law of diffusion. no energy required |
| active transport | substances transported against law of diffusion (up a concentration gradient) ex. thyroid gland accumulates iodine needed to manufacture hormonie thyroxin ex. Na/K pump. needs energy |
| how to large substances leave or enter the cell? | through the use of membranous vesicles |
| exocytosis | cytoplasmic vesicles containing wastes or products for secretion come in contact with a cell membrane, they fuse onto it and open its surface, thus spilling ther contents to the outside. |
| endocytosis | product or food comes near cell,cell membrane pinches around it until it forms a vesicle. |
| phagocytosis | type of endocytosis. result of ingestion is the formation of a food vacuole, this fuses with a lysosome. eg. ameba ingesting food |
| pinocytosis | reduced version of phagocytosis. a reduced version of phagocytosis where smaller objects or fluids are ingested and a vesicle is immediately formed. |
| cell eating vs cell drinking | phagocytosis vs pinocytosis |
| why is cell size important | cells are the size they are b/c that is the size they have to be in order to function effecively |
Created by:
db5k
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