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Pathophys U3
Pathophysiology Unit 3, ch 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| P wave on ECG represents | atrial depolarization |
| QRS complex represents | ventricular depolarization and contraction |
| T wave represents | ventricular repolarization and relaxation |
| Why is the normal delay in electrical conduction through the AV node necessary? | To allow completion of ventricular filling. |
| What causes the AV valves to close during the cardiac cycle? | Increased intraventricular filling |
| If stroke volume decreases, how does the heart compensate | Heart rate increases. |
| Where are the baroreceptors located and what is their function? | Arch of the aorta and carotid arteries; they notify vasomotor center of the brain stem regarding changes in systemic pressure. |
| Cardiac reserve | ability of the heart to increase output in response to increased demand. |
| Preload | amount of blood delivered to the heart by venous return |
| Afterload | force required to eject blood from ventricles; determined by peripheral resistance to the opening of the semilunar valves; example—increased by high diastolic pressure resulting from excessive vasoconstriction. |
| What increases venous return to the heart during strenuous exercise? | Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles. |
| Sympathetic NS effect on cardiovascular system | “fight or flight;” increased epinephrine and norepinephrine lead to increased heart rate, increased peripheral vasoconstriction which causes a rise in BP. |
| Parasympathetic effect on cardiovascular system | “rest and digest;” heart rate decreases; most arteries not supplied by PS nerves; when SNS stimulated, arteries vasoconstrict; when SNS turns “off” arteries return to normal via vasodilation. |
| Predisposing factors for thrombus formation in the circulatory system | Prosthetic valves, immobility, damaged blood vessel walls. |
| What causes angina? | Partial Coronary artery obstruction. |
| atheroma | A mass made of accumulated lipids, cells, and fibrin where endothelial injury has occurred. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Degeneration of arteries characterized by loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries. |
| What causes a myocardial infarction? | Total obstruction of a coronary artery leads to infarction/death of tissue/myocardial necrosis |
| What are the signs and symptoms of a MI? | Persistent chest pain radiating to left arm, pallor, rapid weak pulse. |
| What confirms the presence of an MI? | Characteristic serum isoenzymes and ECG |
| What is the most common cause of death after a MI? | Cardiac arrhythmias |
| Why does ventricular fibrillation cause cardiac arrest? | The myocardium has insufficient blood supply. |
| What would the heart demonstrate in a complete or total heart block? | Uncoordinated, spontaneous slow ventricular contractions. |
| What is the most life-threatening arrhythmia? | V-fib |
| Cardioversion | restoration of normal cardiac thythm by electrical shock |
| bradycardia | heart rate less than 60 beats per minute |
| ectopic beat | extra beat originating outside the SA node |
| flutter | heart rate between 160 and 350 beats per minute |
| fibrillation | heart rate greater than 350 beats per minute |
| heart block | slowing or no transmission of impulses between atria and ventricles |
| premature atrial contraction (PAC) | additional heartbeat originating in atria |
| premature ventricular contraction (PVC) | extra heartbeat arising in the ventricles |
| tachycardia | heart rate between 100 and 160 beats per minute |
| congestive heart failure | inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet metabolic needs of the body. . |
| Signs/symptoms of Right sided heart failure | edematous feet and legs, hepatomegaly, oliguria during day/polyuria at night, ascites |
| Signs/symptoms of left sided heart failure | dyspnea, hemoptysis, pulmonary congestion. |
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | increase blood in the lungs when a patient is lying down causes difficulty breathing on and off during the night. |
| What is a sign of aortic stenosis? | Heart murmur |
| What is caused by an incompetent mitral valve? | Decreased output by left ventricle. |
| Describe the blood flow in a ventricular septal defect | From left ventricle to right ventricle. |
| In Tetraology of Fallot, why does unoxygenated blood enter the systemic circulation? | Pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures |
| Why are children with Tetralogy of Fallot cyanotic? | Large amounts of hemoglobin are left unoxygenated. |
| What is the pathophysiology of rheumatic fever and what are the common signs? | Abnormal immune response causing acute inflammation in all layers of the heart. |
| pathophysiology of infective endocarditis | Microorganisms (Streptococcus viridans or Staph. Aureus) in general circulation attach to endocardium, invade heart valves, lead to inflammation & formation of vegetation on valve cusps |
| Vegetations | large, fragile masses made of fibrin strands, platelets, other blood cells, and microbes. In acute stage, can interfere w/ opening & closing of valves; pieces break away & form infective/septic emboli that cause infarction and infection |
| What are the causes of pericarditis? | Infection, injury, abnormal immune response, malignant neoplasm. |
| What is essential hypertension and what causes it? | Increased systemic vasoconstriction due to unknown causes in 95% of all individuals; known causes include hyperaldosteronism, renal disease, pheochromocytoma in 5% of cases. |
| When is the diagnosis of essential hypertension made in young and middle-aged individuals? | Persistent elevation of BP above 140/90 |
| intermittent claudication | Ischemic muscle pain in legs, especially with exercise |
| What is Raynaud’s syndrome? | Intermittent severe vasoconstriction in the digits. |
| What is Buerger’s Disease and what are some risk factors associated with the disease? | Thromboangiitis obliterans—blood vessels of the hands and feet become blocked; genetics and cigarette smoking are the risk factors |
| What is the outcome of many aortic aneurysms? | Rupture and hemorrhage; often fatal |
| Where do pulmonary emboli mainly originate? | Clots in deep leg veins. |
| Shock | Decreased volume of circulating blood and decreased tissue perfusion. |
| How does septic shock differ from hypovolemic shock? | It frequently manifests by fever and flushed face. |
| What are some signs of circulatory shock? | Pale, moist skin, loss of consciousness, anxiety and restlessness, weakness, thready pulse. |
| How does the body compensate for shock? | Increased heart rate, oliguria |
| Why do patients develop hypoxia so soon after anaphylactic shock? | Reduced airflow due to bronchoconstriction and edema. |
| Why does neurogenic shock result from systemic vasodilation? | Increased capacity of the vascular system, reduced venous return. |
Created by:
michellerogers
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