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Unit1
Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| water structure | H2O, covalent compound that is polar and bonded with hydrogen bonds |
| properties of water | adhesive, cohesive, has high surface tension, high heat of vaporization, high specific heat, universal solvent |
| adhesive | clinging of one substance to another |
| cohesion | phenomenon when hydrogen bonds hold the substance together |
| surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break surface of a liquid |
| heat of vaporization | quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to go from liquid to gas |
| specific heat | amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost of 1g of substance to change to 1C |
| solvent | a dissolving agent |
| hydrogen bond | no sharing of electrons, not an actual bond, an attraction between 2 molecules of different charges |
| transpiration | loss of H2O (evaporation) through leaves |
| pH | measure of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water |
| to increase acidity of water | add H+, remove OH- |
| to decrease acidity of water | remove H+, add OH+ |
| base | reduces hydrogen ions in a concentration, ex- NH3 |
| acidic solution | pH value lower than 7 |
| basic solution | pH value higher than 7 |
| polypeptide | a chain of amino acids |
| dehydration synthesis | 2 amino acids join together (loss of water) |
| hydrolysis | amino acids break apart (addition of water) |
| 4 levels of protein structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| primary structure | unique sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | coils/folds in the polypeptide chain, helix(coil) every 4 amino acids, pleat(fold) every 2 amino acids |
| tertiary structure | determined by interactions among various side chains |
| Quaternary structure | when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chain |
| ecology | study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
| environmental science | affects that alter the environment and its interactions within it |
| symbiotic relationship | mutualism, commensalism, parasitism |
| buffer | substances that minimize changes in concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution |
| Polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
| monomer | repeating units of small molecules that serve as building blocks of a polymer |
| carbohydrates | both sugars and the polymers of sugars |
| monosaccharides | (carbohydrate) has molecular formulas that are some multiple unit of CH2O |
| disaccharide | (carbohydrate) consists of 2 monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction) |
| polysacchride | (carbohydrate) macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages |
| starch | (carbohydrate) a storage polysaccharide of plants, is a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers |
| glycogen | (carbohydrate) a storage polysaccharide for animals, is a polymer of glucose |
| cellulose | (carbohydrate) major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells |
| chitin | (carbohydrate) the carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons |
| lipids | one class of biological molecules that does not consist of polymers and are hydrophobic |
| fats | constructed from 2 kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids |
| fatty acids | long carbon skeleton, at the end is a carboxyl group, attached is a long hydrocarbon chain |
| triacylcerol | consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| phospholipid | hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic, phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head |
| steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
| cholesterol | common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which steroids are synthesized |
| proteins | consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations |
| polypeptides | polymers of amino acids |
| amino acids | organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups |
| peptide bond | covalent bond between a carboxyl and amino group through a dehydration reaction |
| enzyme | a protein that serves as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| gene | a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA |
| nucleic acid | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers, serves as a blueprint for proteins and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities |
| enzymatic proteins | selective acceleration of chemical reactions. Ex- digestive enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of polymers in food |
| structural proteins | function as support. Ex- collagen and elastin provide framework for animal tissues, keratin is a hair/feathers/horns |
| storage proteins | storage of amino acids. Ex- casein, protein in milk, is a source of amino acids for baby mammals |
| transport proteins | transports other substances. Ex- hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body |
| hormonal proteins | coordination of an organism's activities. Ex- insulin helps regulate concentration of sugar in blood |
| receptor proteins | response of cell to chemical stimuli. Ex- receptors in nerve cell membranes detect chemical signals |
| contractile and motor proteins | movement. actin and myosin are responsible for movement of muscles |
| defensive proteins | protection against disease. Antibodies fight bacteria and viruses |
Created by:
kimberlyx
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