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A&P Chp. 5 Part 1
The Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Part of the Skeletal System | -bones -joints -cartilages -ligaments |
| Two Subdivisions of the Skeleton | -axial skeleton -appendicular skeleton |
| Functions of the Bones | -supports the body -protect soft organs -allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles -store minerals and fats -blood cell formation |
| How Many Bones are in an Adult Skeleton? | 206 |
| How Many Bones are in a Baby Skeleton? | 300 |
| Two Basic Types of Bone Tissue | -compact bone -spongy bone |
| Compact Bone | -homogeneous -dense -smooth |
| Spongy Bone | -small needle-like pieces of bone -many open spaces |
| Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape | -long -short -flat -irregular |
| Long Bones | -typically longer than they are wide -shaft with heads situated at both ends -contain mostly compact bone -all of the bones of the limbs |
| Short Bones | -generally cube-shaped -contain mostly spongy bone -includes bones of the wrist and ankle -sesamoid bones are a type of bone which form within tendons |
| Flat Bones | -thin, flattened, and usually curved -two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone |
| Irregular Bones | -irregular shape -do not fit into other bone classification categories |
| Surface Features of Bones | -site of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments -passages for nerves and blood vessels |
| Categories of Bone Markings | -projections or processes (T) -depressions or cavities (F) |
| Formation of the Human Skeleton | -in embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage -during development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone -cartilage remains in isolated areas (nose, ribs, joints) |
| Types of Bone Fractures (General) | -closed fracture: break that does not penetrate the skin -open fracture: broken bone penetrates through the skin |
| Repair of Bone Fracture | -hematoma (blood filled swelling) is formed -break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus -fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus -bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch |
| Three Parts of the Axial Skeleton | 1) skull 2) vertebral column 3) bony thorax |
| Two Sets of the Skull | -cranium -facial bones |
| How are Skull Bones Joined? Mandible? | bones are joined by sutures. manidle is attached by a freely movable joint |
| Paranasal Sinuses | hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity |
| Functions of Paranasal Sinuses | -lighten the skull -give resonance and amplification to voice |
| Characteristics and Functions of the Hyoid Bone | -the only bone that does not articulate with another bone -serves as a movable base for the tongue -aids in swallowing and speech |
| Fontanels in Fetal Skull | -fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones -allow skull compression during birth -allow the brain to grow during later pregnancy and infancy -convert to bone within 24 months after birth |
| How Many Vertebral are there? | there are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs |
| Formation of Sacrum | -formed by the fusion of five vertebrae |
| Formation of Coccyx | -formed from the fusion of 3 to 5 vertebrae -"tailbone" or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have |
| Three Parts of the Bony Thorax | -sternum -ribs (true, false, floating) -thoracic vertebrae |
| How Many Bones are in the Appendicular Skeleton? | 126 |
| What do Appendicular Skeleton Consists of? | -limbs -pectoral girdle -pelvic girdle |
| Two Bones the Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle consist of | -clavicle -scapula |
| Clavicle | articulates with the sternum medially and with the scapula laterally |
| Scapula | -articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint -articulates with the arm bone at the glenoid cavity |
| Humerus | -forms the arm -single bone -proximal end articulation (head-glenoid cavity) -distal end articulation (trochlea + capitulum- forearm) |
| Ulna | -medial bone in anatomical position -proximal end articulation: coronoid process + olecranon - humerus |
| Radius | -lateral bone in anatomical position -proximal end articulation: head - capitulum |
| Structure of Hand | -carpal -metacarpals -phalanges |
| Carpal | -eight bones arranged in two rows of 4 bones in each hand |
| Metacarpals | -5 per hand |
| Phalanges | -14 phalanges in each hand -in each finger, there are 3 bones -in the thumb, there are only 2 bones |
| Name 3 Bones Fuse to Form the Pelvic Girdle | -ilium -ischium -pubis |
| Pelvic Girdle | 2 coxal bones + sacrum |
| Bony Pelvis | 2 coxal bones + sacrum + coccyx |
| What do the Pelvic Girdle Protect? | -reproductive organs -urinary bladder -part of the large intestine |
| Femur | -heaviest, strongest bone in the body -proximal end articulation: head - acetabulum -distal end articulation: lateral + medial condyles - tibia |
| Tibia | -proximal end articulation: medial + lateral condyles - femur |
| Fibula | -has no role in forming the knee joint |
| Parts of the Foot | -tarsals -metatarsals -phalanges |
| Tarsals | -7 bones -calcaneous -talus |
| Metatarsals | -5 bones from the sole of the foot |
| Phalanges | -14 bones form the toes |
| Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System | -at birth, the skull bones are incomplete -bones are joined by fibrous membranes called fontanels -fontanels are completely replaced with bone within 2 years after birth |
Created by:
Greenpeas
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