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Chapter 8 Vocab.

Cell Reproduction

QuestionAnswer
1. Chromosome Rod-shaped structures that make up DNA.
2. Histones Help maintain shape of chromosome and aid tight packing of the DNA.
3. Chromatid The two identical halves of a chromosome.
4. Centromere Where two chromatids of a chromosome are attached.
5. Chromatin The less tightly coiled DNA-protein complex.
6. Sex Chromosomes Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.
7. Autosomes Every other chromosome in an organism.
8. Homologous Chromosomes Two copies of the same autosomes.
9. Karyotype A photomicrograph of the chromosomes in a normal dividing cell found in humans.
10. Diploid Cells that have two sets of chromosomes.
11. Haploid Sperm and egg cells.
12. Binary Fission The division of two prokaryote cells into two offspring cells.
13. Mitosis Results in new cells with genetic material that is identical to the genetic material of the original cell
14. Asexual Reproduction Production of offspring from one parent.
15. Meiosis Occurs during the formation of gametes.
16. Gametes Haploid reproduction cells.
17. Interphase The time between cell division.
18. Cytokinesis Division of the cell's cytoplasm.
19. Prophase First phase of mitosis. Shortening and tight coiling DNA into rod shaped chromosomes.
20. Spindle Fibers Made of microtubules radiate from the centrosomes in preparation for metaphase.
21. Metaphase The second phase in mitosis. The kinetochore fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the dividing cell during metaphase. Once at the center of the cell, the chromosome is held in place by the kinetochore fibers.
22. Anaphase The third phase of mitosis. The chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and slowly move, centromere first, towards opposite poles of the dividing cell.
23. Telophase The fourth phase of mitosis. When the cell splits and the spindle fibers disassemble and the chromosomes return to a less tightly chromatin state.
24. Cell Plate When the Golgi apparatus and vesicles join together at the midline of a dividing cell.
25. Cell Growth (G1) Checkpoint Proteins at this checkpoint control whether a cell will divide.
26. DNA Synthesis (G2) Checkpoint DNA repair enzymes check the results of DNA replication.
27. Mitosis Checkpont If a cell passes this, they exit mitosis.
28. Synapsis The pairing of homologous chromosomes, which does not occur in mitosis.
29. Tetrad Each pair of homologous chromosomes.
30. Crossing-Over When portions of chromatids break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosomes.
31. Genetic Recombination When a new mixture of genetic material is created.
32. Independent Assortment The random separation of homologous chromosomes. Results in genetic variation.
33. Spermatogenesis The production of sperm.
34. Oogenesis The production of mature eggs or ova.
35. Polar Bodies The products of meiosis that eventually degenerate.
36. Sexual Reproduction The production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg.
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